HSC Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia syllabus specific notes PDF

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HSC CORE 1- Health Priorities in Australia Syllabus terms:       

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Self-efficacy: ability to bring about/instigate change Autonomy: Being independent about your level of health Self-sufficiency: being able to satisfy good health without the assistance of others Co-morbidity: Having two or more diseases Self-assessed health status: based on an individual’s own thoughts and mentality Acute/chronic disease: Short term and long term illnesses Social-connectedness: ability to relate and interact with others and the rest of society. (ATSI improve the inequity of social attributes ... in turn improves their level of social connectedness and interpersonal skills. ) Health literacy: ability to comprehend/understand health information and the requirements to instigate a good level of health. Health status: the pattern of health of a population over a period of time. Health conducive decisions: good for one’s own level of health Exacerbate/accentuate: Worsen/become worse Australia is an ‘Affluent’ society: general level of economic security is achieved by most members of society. Social-gradient of health: the higher level of education/income the healthier you are. Social hierarchy: Income decides where you stand in society. Degenerative disease: Progressive deterioration over time/ extent worsens over time without sufficient treatment/alteration of risk behaviours. Biomedial risk factors: Genetic predisposition/hereditary factors which cause the disease/illness development. Debilitating : Very serious / severe health issue Transgenerational: passed on one generation to the next i.e. diabetes in ATSI families. Allied health professionals: Ancillary based professionals such as physiotherapists, speech therapists. Out of pockets payments: In regards to the GAP between what Medicare covers. Partnerships promote ‘social-cohesion’. Capacity: The amount a single sector can do which contributes to the common goal of all the collaborated sectors (improve health outcomes!) Dissuade: Discourage someone from doing something Lower economic quintiles: is where people from low SES reside i.e. ATSI Premature deaths: is the deaths before the ages of 65 Stoic attitudes: enduring pain and hardship without complaint. Cycle of ill-health

Causes of CVD: 

“HERO” Atherosclerosis: – build up of plaque on the inner lining of the arteries.

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Atheroma – thickened areas of fatty deposits inside the arteries.

Good sentences to use in extended responses:     

Perpetuate the cycle of death/ Perpetuates a poverty cycle Their health has been ‘impinged’ This compounds serious health issues Allows individuals to make health conductive decisions The correlation between all causal factors of health inequities/determinants of health

Critical Question 1- How are the priority issues for Australia’s health identified?

Measuring Health Status  Role of epidemiology Epidemiology is the study of the causes, determinants/indicators and distribution of disease within a defined population group at a specific point in time. It monitors the trends of health in various population groups. Through this, comparisons and disparities can be identified. The priority groups and conditions which are experiencing the greatest inequities are placing a massive burden on the Australian health profile, thus must be further identified with high priority i.e. ATSI priority group and cancer as a NHPA.

 Measures of epidemiology Morbidity: The total number of incidence/prevalence of a disease/illness within a population group at a specific period of time. Mortality: the total standardised death rates for given group and or given disease over a period of time Life expectancy: Average number of years someone is expected to live. Infant mortality: the deaths within the first year of live per 1000 live births. Two types:  

Neonatal- deaths within the first 28 days Post-neonatal- deaths within the remainder of the first year of life

*Hospital admissions and use of health care services- (Additional). - Measures of morbidity: (i.e. Indicators of disease/illness) Incidence: Number of new cases of disease/illness occurring over a period of time. Prevalence: existing cases of disease/illness that exist in a defined population at a specific point in time, Apparent causes/indicators: what is causing and or leading to these chronic illnesses/diseases 

Epidemiology fails to recognize health in a holistic sense as it fails to show the correlation between all the determinants of health.

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It does not measure an individual’s quality of life achieved.

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Fails to show the effectiveness of prevention and treatment

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Fails to tell us ‘why’ health issues exist and sometimes does not accurately report on health issues i.e. mental illness.

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Since it is just raw data, it does not provide solutions to reduce health inequities and priority health issues .

Advantages of epidemiology: 

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Identifies the areas of the greatest concern which can further be made into priority health issues. Effectively compares health status across various groups i.e. ATSI and Non-ATSI. It can be used to empower both individuals and communities to take action and not develop priority health conditions i.e. CVD.

ho uses epidemiology? Policy makers at all levels of government i.e. WHO, AIHW, ABS Public and private health care sector i.e. Bupa, CBHS health Individuals Communities i.e. World No Tobacco Day, Jump Rope For Heart, Deadly Sister Fitness and Weight loss Manufacturers of health products i.e. Nicotine company Health researchers

 Current trends in health data (AIHW) Life expectancy (is increasing) o -

The life expectancy at birth for males is 80.3 years compared to 84.4 years for females Men have an unwillingness to seek medical attention through stoic attitudes and are more likely to be involved in risk taking behaviour.

Infant mortality (is declining) Due to:  Baby health clinics and immunisation programs  Health education and improved support service for parents and newborn babies.

Mortality (is declining) Leading cause of death per age bracket: Age Suffer language barriers as for many ATSI individuals English is their second language. As a result, this affects their ability to be able to access preventative health care such as general practitioner consultations.

ATSI- Role of community- Australian community controlled health services. (ACCHS) Operated by the local community to deliver holistic, comprehensive and culturally appropriate health care. Services include clinical care, health education, screening, immunisation and specific programs. Diabetes e.g. Reinforcing factors (junk food adverts) Enabling factors (lack of support) Predisposing factors (the family has diabetes ) Government Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI)  Role of the individual, community and government

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The Two Ways Together Program which provides equal accountability between communities, ATSI peak bodies and government levels. All parties deliberate on key health inequities and targeting strategies i.e. low income levels and educational attainment. The Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health provides funds/grants to 245 organisations to support improved health initiatives.

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Aborginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW controls over 60 ATSI organisations of NSW, they work with other government departments to deliver a range of health care initiatives/develop policy and evaluate progress made in health reforms and healthcare.

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National Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisation work with other departments such as the department of housing/community services/indigenous affairs to provide a range of health and welfare services for ATSI communities.

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Northern Territory Emergency Response (Howard government) – address the immediate needs of ATSI people living in the NT. A range of initiatives including the provision of health care services, educational, social, welfare reforms and laws that hinder access to alcohol and welfare payments. The response was aimed to initiate health care checks for children under 16 years, as a means for identifying common health concerns and plan for a coordinated delivery of services to treat these illnesses.

 ATSI role models/Individuals empowering others:  Cathy Freeman  Greg Inglis  Adam Goodes

Health promotion campaigns and interventions 

Healthy schools canteen policy (Fresh food tastes @ school( – labelled foods with stickers indicating their nutritional value. For example, fatty foods such as Sausage Rolls are given red stickers. In turn, students can make informed consumer choices by a Developing personal skills s. Honing the skills necessary to develop a sense of autonomy within. This is achieved by improving ones health literacy. In turn, individuals are able to make good health choices. Enabling an individual to emphasise greater control and autonomy over their own health. I.e. a cooking class to learn healthy recipes that involve fresh fruit and vegetables. In turn, lowering junk food intake and enabling the chances of developing a lifestyle disease such as CVD or type 2 Diabetes.

Creating Supportive Environments Instigating positive environments in areas where people live, work and play. i.e. No smoking in public parks and public areas. In turn, lower the incidence of lung cancer.

Sample Exam Questions HSC Core 1: 

Define the role of epidemiology and list how epidemiology is measured.

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Examine how the priority health issues are identified in Australia’s health.

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Outline two socioeconomic determinants that contribute to health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

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Identify the groups experiencing health inequities in Australia. -

Aboriginal Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) Overseas born people People with a disability Socioeconomically disadvantaged people People in rural remote areas The elderly

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Describe the roles that individuals, communities and governments have in address health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

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Outline the preventable chronic diseases and provide two ways individuals could reduce their risk of chronic disease.

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Assess the impact of a growing and aging population on the health system and services.

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Evaluate health care in Australia in relation to social justice principles.

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Describe two actions of the Ottawa Charter The developing personal skills section of the charter refers to the notion that individuals are able to employ the skills necessary to evoke the sense of autonomy within. In turn, individuals are more likely to be self-sufficient in improving their overall health status. For example, attending a cooking class to learn healthy recipes involving fresh vegetables and fruit. In turn, this will allow individuals to eat healthy and further lower the possibility of developing an incidence of a preventable lifestyle disease such as CVD. The reorientating health services section of the charter recognises health in a holistic sense. Thus, this notion pushes the implementation of preventative health programs and initiatives such as the Close the Gap campaign and Breast screen – Free mammograms to determine whether breast cancer has formed and or intervene early on to reduce the chance of death ( before condition worsens ) etc. In turn, this notion aims to reduce the incidence/prevalence of a range of chronic and acute illnesses/diseases.

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Argue the benefits of applying the Ottawa Charter to one health promotion initiative. National Tobacco Strategy 2009/2010 The Ottawa Charter sets an effective framework in providing a direction to health promotion campaigns. Through this, a variety of health promotion campaigns can be viewed in a holistic sense, recognising the values of the new public health approach. In turn, programs and interventions are more likely to be successful.

number of cigarette purchases per day. Furthermore, this has reduced the incidence of lung cancer....