Chapter 1 - Summary Connect Core Concepts in Health PDF

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Chapter 1 

Taking Charge of Your Health

Wellness as a Health Goal o Health: the overall condition of body or mind and the presence or absence of illness or injury o Wellness: optimal health and vitality, encompassing all the dimensions of well-being o Depends on conscious decisions that affect risk factors

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Figure 1.2 Qualities and Behaviors Associated with the Dimensions of Wellness

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PHYSICAL WELLNESS o Eating well o Exercising o Avoiding harmful habits o Recognizing symptoms of disease o Getting regular checkups o Avoiding injuries

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SPIRITUAL WELLNESS o Capacity for love o Compassion o Forgiveness o Altruism o Joy and fulfillment o Caring for others

o Sense of meaning and purpose o Sense of belonging to something greater than oneself 

OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS o Enjoying what you do o Feeling valued by your manager o Building satisfying relationships with coworkers o Taking advantage of opportunities to learn and be challenged

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EMOTIONAL WELLNESS o Optimism o Trust o Self-esteem o Self-acceptance o Self-confidence o Ability to understand and accept one’s feelings o Ability to share feelings with others

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CULTURAL WELLNESS o Creating relationships with those who are different from you o Maintaining and valuing your own cultural identity o Avoiding stereotyping based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or sexual orientation

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FINANCIAL WELLNESS o Having a basic understanding of how money works o Living within one’s means o Avoiding debt, especially for unnecessary items o Saving for the future and for emergencies

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INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS o Openness to new ideas o Capacity to question o Ability to think critically o Motivation to master new skills o Sense of humor o Creativity o Curiosity o Lifelong learning

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INTERPERSONAL WELLNESS o Communication skills o Capacity for intimacy o Ability to establish and maintain satisfying relationships o Ability to cultivate a support system of friends and family

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ENVIRONMENTAL WELLNESS o Having abundant, clean natural resources o Maintaining sustainable development o Recycling whenever possible o Reducing pollution and waste

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Figure 1.1 The Wellness Continuum o The concept of wellness includes vitality in nine interrelated dimensions: physical, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, cultural, spiritual, environmental, financial, and occupational. All contribute to wellness.

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New Opportunities for Taking Charge o Wellness is a fairly new concept

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o Morbidity and mortality rates from common infectious diseases were much higher 150 years ago o Life expectancy has nearly doubled  Still, most Americans will experience some sort of impaired life  Chronic disease: a disease that develops and continues over a long period o Each of us can take responsibility for our lifestyle choices 

Figure 1.3 Public Health, Life Expectancy, and Quality of Life o Public health achievements during the 20th century are credited with adding more than 25 years to life expectancy for Americans, greatly improving quality of life, and dramatically reducing deaths from infectious diseases. Public health improvements continue into the 21st century, including greater roadway safety and a steep decline in childhood lead poisoning. In 2013, the government mandated that all Americans be covered by health insurance, a protection already long established in most other industrialized countries. o SOURCES: Kochanek, K.D., et al. 2016. Deaths: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports 65(4); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 2001–2010. MMWR 60(19): 619– 623; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900–1999. MMWR 48(50): 1141.

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Figure 1.4 Quantity of Life Versus Quality of Life o Years of healthy life as a proportion of life expectancy in the U.S. population.

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o SOURCE: Kochanek, K. D., et al. 2016. Deaths: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports 65(4). National Center for Health Statistics. 2012. Healthy People 2010 Final Review. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 

Table 1.1 Leading Causes of Death in the US, 2013 o SOURCE: Kochanek, K. D., et al. 2016. Deaths: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports 65(4).

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Table 1.2 Key Contributors to Deaths among Americans o SOURCES: Kochanek, K. D., et al. 2016. Deaths: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports 65(4), National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. 2015. Measuring the Risks and Causes of Premature Death: Summary of Workshops. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; Stahre, M., et al. 2014. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Preventing Chronic Disease: Research, Practice, and Policy 11: 130293; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Table 1.3 Leading Causes of Death among Americans Aged 15–24, 2014 o SOURCE: Kochanek, K. D., et al. 2016. Deaths: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports 65(4).

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Promoting National Health o Health promotion: the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants  National Institutes of Health (NIH)  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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The Affordable Care Act

o ACA was signed into law in 2010 o Requires most people to obtain health insurance o Regulations expand coverage, limit costs, and guarantee for certain services

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o Health exchanges facilitate the purchase of insurance o Those below income requirements are eligible for federal help o Students benefit in specific ways, such as with the ability stay on their parents’ plans until 26 years old

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o Social disadvantage for health and wellness  Culture/ethnicities follow different patterns  Hereditary accounts for 25%-40% of wellness  Lifestyle is 60% 

The Healthy People Initiative o Healthy People 2020 objectives: o Eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death o Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups o Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all o Promote healthy development and behaviors

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Table 1.4 Progress toward Healthy People 2020 Targets o SOURCE: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020 data search (https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/data-search/Search-theData).

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Health Issues for Diverse Populations

o Health disparities are linked to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage o Other differences are biological and cultural o Sex and gender

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Race and ethnicity

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Income and education

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Disability

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Geographic location

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Sexual orientation and gender identity

Factors That Influence Wellness o Health habits o Heredity/family history o Environment o Access to health care o Personal health behaviors  Your personal behavior can tip the balance toward good health, even when heredity or environment is a negative factor

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Reaching Wellness through Lifestyle Management o Behavior change: cultivating healthy behaviors and working to overcome unhealthy ones o Getting serious about your health:

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Examine your current health habits

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Choose a target behavior

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Learn about your target behavior

Find help

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Reaching Wellness through Lifestyle Management (2) o Building motivation to change: 

Examine the pros and cons of change

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Boost self-efficacy  Locus of control: the extent to which a person believes he or she has control over the events of his or her life  Internal locus of control versus external locus of control  Visualization and self-talk  Role models and supportive people

 Identify and overcome barriers to change 

Reaching Wellness through Lifestyle Management (3)

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Enhancing your readiness to change:

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Transtheoretical, or “stages of change,” model

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What stage are you in?

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Precontemplation

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Contemplation

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Preparation

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Action

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Maintenance

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Termination

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Dealing with Relapse

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People seldom progress through the stages of change in a linear way; and most make several attempts

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Plan for relapse

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Forgive yourself if you have a setback

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Give yourself credit for the progress you have already

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Move on—learn from relapse and use that knowledge to setbacks in the future

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Figure 1.5 The Stages of Change: A Spiral Model

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The stages of change are best conceptualized as a spiral in which people cycle back through previous stages but are farther along in the process each time they renew their commitment.

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SOURCE: Adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. PEP Guide: Personal Empowerment Plan for Improving Eating and Increasing Physical Activity. Dallas, TX: The Cooper Institute.

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Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan

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Monitor your behavior and gather data

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Analyze the data and identify patterns

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Be “SMART” about setting goals

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Specific

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Measurable

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Attainable

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Realistic

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Time-frame specific

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Figure 1.6 Sample Health Journal Entries

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Keep a record of your behavior and the circumstances surrounding it, including each activity; when, where, and what you were doing; and how you felt about it. For example, if you wanted to change your eating

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habits, you would track not only what you eat, but when, where, with whom, and so on. 

Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan (2)

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Devise a plan of action

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Identify resources that can help

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Modify your environment

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Control related habits

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Reward yourself

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Involve the people around you

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Plan for challenges

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Make a personal contract

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Figure 1.7 A Sample Behavior Change Contract

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In your behavior change contract, include a statement of your goal and your commitment to reaching it. It should also include the date you will start; the steps you will take the measure your progress; the strategies you plan to use to promote change; and the date you expect to reach your final goal. Have someone sign your contract as a witness.

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Putting Your Plan into Action

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Commit to making your plan work

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Remember your reasons

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Use all your strategies and keep track of your progress

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Reward yourself for achievements

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Staying with it:

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Social influences can be negative as well as supportive

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Levels of motivation and commitment must be high

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Choice of techniques and level of effort may need to be reconsidered at various points

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Stress can be a major obstacle

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Be alert to procrastinating, rationalizing, and blaming

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Review

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Define wellness as a health goal

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Explain two major efforts to promote national health

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List factors that influence wellness

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Explain methods for achieving wellness through lifestyle management

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List ways to promote lifelong wellness for yourself and your environment

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Appendix A

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Long image descriptions

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Figure 1.3 Public Health, Life Expectancy, and Quality of Life Appendix

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Important advances have been achieved in several areas:

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Vaccinations for childhood diseases

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Control of infectious diseases

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Fluoridation of drinking water

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Safer and healthier foods

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Safer workplaces

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Motor vehicle safety

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Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

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Family planning

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Healthier mothers and babies; and in recent years

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A decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke

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Implementation of the Affordable Care Act

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