Chapter 16 - Summary Connect Core Concepts in Health PDF

Preview

Summary

Chapter summary and lecture notes included....

Description

KIN170 Chapter 16 Toward a Tobacco-Free Self and Society -

-

Smoking = leading cause of preventable death in CAD  Main risk factor in top three causes of death in CAD: o Cancer o CVD o Lung disease  Who Uses Tobacco? o 25% of uni students = smokers o Cigar smoking most common among affluent and those with high educational attainment o Most current smokers understand the risks of tobacco use; most occasional smokers are less likely to try and quit  Young People o Higher prevalence in Quebec and Saskatchewan o Youth men more likely to smoke than women  Tobacco and Other Drugs o People with other drug problems frequently use tobacco o Smoking = four times as prevalent among people with mental health diagnoses Why People Use Tobacco  Nicotine Addiction o Nicotine: a poisonous, addictive substance found in tobacco and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco  Enters bloodstream after inhalation or through membranes of mouth/nose, releasing powerful chemical messengers into the brain  Ability to moderate everyday emotions  Low doses = stimulant; increases heart rate and blood pressure; in adults, increases alertness, concentration, rapid info processing, memory and learning; in teens = impairment in memory and other cognitive functions  Relieves withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, irritability and mild depression) o Tobacco: the leaves of cultivated tobacco plants prepared for smoking/chewing/for use as snuff o People continue to use tobacco due to addictive psychoactive drug, nicotine o Loss of Control  Of people trying to quit, 60% relapse in first 3 mos and 75% relapse within 6 mos  Regular tobacco users can go, on avg, no more than 40 mins between doses

KIN170 Chapter 16 Toward a Tobacco-Free Self and Society

-

o Tolerance and Withdrawal  Withdrawal symptoms = cravings, insomnia, confusion, tremors, difficulty concentration, fatigue, muscle pains, headache, nausea, irritability, anger and depression  Social and Psychological Factors o Social and psychological forces combine with physiological addition to maintain tobacco habit o Difficult to break habits because activities they associate with use continue to trigger their urge, called secondary reinforcers (stimuli that are not necessarily pleasurable in themselves but that are associated with other stimuli that are pleasurable)  Genetic Factors o More important than social and environmental o Gene that influences metabolization of nicotine = CYP2A6; if this gene is slow, less likely to continue o Gene DRD2 more likely to progress smoking  Why Start? o Parent/sibling uses it o Peers use it o Child comes from blue-collar family o Child comes from low-income home o Single-parent household o Child performs poorly in school o Child drops out of school o Child has positive attitudes about tobacco use o Young athletic males = to emulate professional athletes o Young women = stay skinny/lose weight o Not started smoking by age 20 = not likely to ever start o Rationalizing the dangers (denying the risk, thinking they can stop whenever they want) o Emulating smoking in the media (showing smoking in an unrealistically positive light)  Seeing smoking in films = more positive attitudes about smoking and 3x as likely to try it as teens Health Hazards  Tobacco Smoke o Cigarette Tar: a brown, sticky mass created when the chemical particles in tobacco smoke condense o Carcinogens: any substance that causes cancer o Cocarcinogen: a substance that works with a carcinogen to cause cancer

KIN170 Chapter 16 Toward a Tobacco-Free Self and Society





o Other substances damage lining of respiratory tract/decrease lungs’ ability to fight off infection o Contains poisonous substances like arsenic nad hydrogen cyanide o Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide; displaces oxygen in red blood cells, depleting body’s supply of oxygen needed for extra work; impairs visual acuity, especially at night o Additives  Manipulates the taste and effect of cigarettes and other tobacco products  Ammonia = boost amount of addictive nicotine delivered by cigarettes  Sidestream Smoke: the uninhaled smoke from a burning cigarette o Results of Inhaling Tobacco Smoke  More chemicals absorbed into body during last third of a cigarette than the first  Smokers who inhale bring most substances into their bodies and keep them there o “Light” and Low-tar Cigarettes  Often compensate by smoking more cigarettes, inhaling more deeply, taking larger/more frequent puffs or blocking vent holes with lips/fingers to offset effects of filters  Inhale up to 8x as much tar and nicotine as printed on the label o Menthol Cigarettes  Bronchodilator, which opens lungs’ airways and makes it easier for nicotine to enter the bloodstream Immediate Effects of Smoking o Beginners = mild poisoning; dizziness, faintness, rapid pulse, cold, clammy skin, and sometimes nausea/vomiting/diarrhea o Effects vary based on size of dose and tolerance o Cerebral Cortex: the outer layer of the brain, which controls complex behaviour and mental activity o Depresses hunger contractions and dulls taste buds o Not associated with weight loss for people under 30 o Stimulates cerebral cortex and adrenal glands to discharge adrenaline; stimulates formation of urine; constricts blood vessels; accelerates heart rate; elevates blood pressure Long-term Effects o Costliest:  CVD o Most widespread single cause of death for cigarette smokers

KIN170 Chapter 16 Toward a Tobacco-Free Self and Society









o Myocardial Infarction: a heart attack caused by the complete blockage of a main coronary artery o CHD can interfere with heart’s electrical activity o Smokers = death rate from CHD 70% higher than nonsmokers o Reduces amount of HDL in blood and creates lesions/roughness in arterial walls, promoting plaque deposits o Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells, displacing oxygen and providing less oxygen to the heart o Risk decreases rapidly when smoking ceases Lung Cancer and Other Cancers o Smoking = primary cause of lung cancer o Cigarette smoking linked to other cardiovascular diseases:  Stroke  Aortic aneurysm  Pulmonary heart disease o Smoking filter-tipped cigarettes slightly reduces health hazards, unless they compensate by smoking more Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease o Fourth leading cause of death in CAD o Consists of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, usually o Emphysema: a disease characterized by a loss of lung tissue elasticity and breakup of the air sacs, impairing the lungs’ ability to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide o Chronic Bronchitis: recurrent, persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes; when cell lining of bronchial tubes becomes irritated and secretes excess mucus Other respiratory damage o Smoke slows then stops the action of the cilia o Microphages work less efficiently o Leads to smoker’s throat/cough and shortness of breath o Damage not always permanent Additional Health/Cosmetic/Economic Concerns o Ulcers o Impotence o Reproductive health problems o Dental diseases o Diminished physical senses o Injuries

KIN170 Chapter 16 Toward a Tobacco-Free Self and Society

-

o Cosmetic concerns o Economic costs o Osteoporosis o Increased risk of complications from diabetes o Accelerates course of multiple sclerosis o Cumulative Effects  Reduced life expectancy  Quality of life Effects of Smoking on a Non-Smoker  Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Effects o Frequently develop coughs, headaches, nasal discomfort and eye irritation o Breathlessness  sinus problems o People with allergies suffer the most o 330 lung cancer deaths and 2000 deaths from heart disease each year in people who don’t smoke o Function of coronary arteries reduced to same level as that of smokers  Infants, Children and ETS o 3x as many infants dies from SIDS related to second-hand smoke as from child abuse/homicide o Shows up in breast milk o Triggers 115,000 cases of bronchitis, pneumonia and other respiratory infections in CAD children annually  Smoking and Pregnancy o Smoking almost doubles woman’s chance of having a miscarriage o Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy o Maternal smoking = 100 infant deaths in CAD/year o Mom exposed to ETS = baby with low birth weight o Higher rates of colic, clubfoot, cleft lip and palate and impaired lung function o Teens whose moms smoked when pregnant with them = lower scores on tests of general intelligence and poorer performance on tasks requiring auditory memory o Males born to smoking moms = higher rates of adolescent and adult criminal activity...