Chapter 10 - Summary Connect Core Concepts in Health PDF

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Chapter 10 

Alcohol: The Most Popular Drug

Alcoholic Beverages and Their Effects on the Body o Ethyl alcohol—the only alcohol that can be consumed o Common alcoholic beverages  Beer: 3–6% alcohol by volume  Ales and malt liquors: 6–8% alcohol by volume  Wines: 9–14% alcohol by volume  Fortified wine (sherry, port, Madeira), 20% alcohol by volume  Hard liquors: 35–50% alcohol by volume o Proof value: two times the percentage concentration  100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol o

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Alcoholic Beverages and Their Effects on the Body (2) o “Standard drinks” versus actual servings  Standard drink: amount of a beverage that contains 0.6 ounces of alcohol  Typical serving is usually bigger than a standard drink o Caloric content  7 calories per gram  Alcohol in one drink supplies about 100–120 calories  “Light” in light beer refers to calories o

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Figure 10.1 One Drink of Various Alcoholic Beverages

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Table 10.1 Serving Sizes versus Standard Drinks of Common Alcoholic Beverages

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Absorption o When alcohol is ingested:  20% is rapidly absorbed from the stomach  75% is absorbed in the upper small intestine  Remainder enters blood stream along the gastrointestinal tract (GI) o Rate of absorption is affected by a variety of factors  Carbonation/artificial sweeteners increase the rate  Food in the stomach slows the absorption  Drinks of high alcohol concentration slow absorption o

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Metabolism and Excretion o Transported via the circulatory system o Easily moves through most biological membranes o Main site for metabolism is the liver o About 2–10% of ingested alcohol is not metabolized  Excreted by lungs, kidneys, sweat glands o Alcohol readily enters the brain  Changes the ability of brain cells to receive messages, and disrupts networks within the brain  With heavy use, loss of brain function and changes in brain structure o

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Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol Concentration

o Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)  Ratio of alcohol in a person’s blood by weight  Affected by body weight, percentage of body fat, sex  Also depends on the balance of alcohol absorbed and rate of metabolism o Varies among individuals  Genetic factors  Drinking behavior o Not affected by exercise, breathing deeply, eating, drinking coffee, taking other drugs, or sleep o 

Figure 10.2 Approximate Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) and Body Weight

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Figure 10.3 Effects of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at Each Stage of Intoxication

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Alcohol’s Immediate and Long-Term Effects o Effects depend on the individual, the circumstances, and the amount of alcohol consumed o Immediate effects:  BAC is a primary factor  Low concentrations, 0.03–0.05%: lightheadedness, relaxation, release of inhibitions  Higher concentrations, 0.1–0.2%: negative effects: interference with motor coordination, verbal performance, intellectual functions  Concentrations of 0.35% and higher: coma or fatality

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 Many other physical effects, including flushing, reduced testosterone levels, sleepiness o 

Alcohol’s Immediate and Long-Term Effects (2) o Alcohol hangover o Alcohol poisoning  BAC can rise during unconsciousness o Using alcohol with other drugs  New concerning trend: caffeinated alcoholic beverages o Alcohol-related injuries and violence o Alcohol and aggression  Contributes to over 40% of all murders, assaults, and rapes o

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Alcohol’s Immediate and Long-Term Effects (3) o Alcohol and sexual decision making  Unplanned and unprotected sex becomes more likely  There is increased risk of rape and other forms of nonconsensual sex o

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Drinking and Driving o In 2014, close to a third of all traffic fatalities involved alcoholimpaired drivers  Someone is killed in an alcohol-related crash every 53 minutes

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o Any amount of alcohol impairs the ability to drive o Dose-response function: higher doses of alcohol are associated with a much greater probability of a crash o Serious legal consequences o Appoint a designated driver o Be alert to the erratic driving of an impaired driver o 

Figure 10.4 The Dose-Response Relationship between BAC and Automobile Crashes

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Long-Term Effects of Chronic Abuse o Digestive system  Functioning of the liver can be altered  “Fatty liver”; alcoholic hepatitis; cirrhosis  Risk of cirrhosis depends on genetics and the amount of alcohol consumed over time  Signs of cirrhosis: jaundice; accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and lower extremities  Inflamed pancreas  Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

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Long-Term Effects of Chronic Abuse (2)

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Long-Term Effects of Chronic Abuse (3)

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Long-Term Effects of Chronic Abuse (4)

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Figure 10.5 The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Misuse

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Alcohol Use during Pregnancy

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Possible Health Benefits of Alcohol?

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Excessive Use of Alcohol

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Statistics on Alcohol Use

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Alcohol Use Disorder: From Mild to Severe

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Alcohol Use Disorder: From Mild to Severe (2)

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Binge Drinking

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Alcoholism

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Alcoholism (2)

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Treatment

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Treatment (2)

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Gender and Ethnic Differences

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Gender and Ethnic Differences (2)

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Table 10.2 Alcohol Use and Binge Alcohol Use by Sex and Race/Ethnicity in 2015, Age 12 and Over PAST MONTH PREVALENCE (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION)

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Helping Someone with an Alcohol Problem

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Drinking Behavior and Responsibility

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Promote Responsible Drinking

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Review

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Appendix A

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Figure 10.1 One Drink of Various Alcoholic Beverages Appendix

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Figure 10.3 Effects of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at Each Stage of Intoxication Appendix

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Figure 10.5 The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Misuse Appendix

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Quiz #3 Review

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