Health Psychology Exam 1 Review Guide PDF

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These are three exam study guides for intro to health psychology. They can also be used as notes and are separated by topic. ...

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Review for Exam 1 I made a quizlet also! https://quizlet.com/_1yb4mk The password is health psych if you think any of my info is incorrect. The exam will consist of primarily multiple choice questions and a few short answer (non-essay) items. The following is by no means a comprehensive listing of what exactly will be on the test –rather this is an overview of important points to know. Remember that anything from lecture or the book is fair game. If you have questions before the exam you can e-mail me Chapter 1 ● ·Mind-body relationship (pp. 4-5) ○ we used to think that the mind and body were totally separate--they’re not ○ Prehistoric= mind and body connected. Then greek Phlegmatic theories (4 humours). middle ages= disease is a punishment from God. ● Know the difference between the traditional medical model and a biopsychosocial model (pp. 5-6) ○ medical model-all diseases originate in physical causes ○ biopsychosocial-any health or illness outcome is a consequence of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors ● Know what developments lead to the emergence of health psychology (pp. 6-9) ○ why health psychology is relevant ○ less about how to we keep the disease from killing people and more about how to we help prevent and improve quality of life (making sure people have the tools (like social support) and coping skills they need to deal with their illness) ○ we used to die from infectious diseases, now we die from chronic illness My notes from her “Emergence of Health Psychology” class slide: ● Limitations of traditional models of medicine ● Patterns of illness (causes of acute vs. chronic) ● Economics- cost of treatment for selected preventable conditions (high cost) ● Know the difference between experimental and correlational research and the pros and cons of each. (p.10) ○ experimental ■ features ● random assignment ● manipulation of variable in interest (IV) ● observe its effects on some measure (DV) ■ pros ● conclude causation ● lots of control ■ cons

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● difficult to examine multiple variables at one time ● cannot manipulate some variables ○ correlational ■ examine the association between 2 or more measured variables ■ pros ● can examine any variable ■ cons ● can’t claim causation ● direction sometimes unclear ● possible 3rd variable Patterns of Illness and Epidemiology (p. 11) ○ Epidemiology- the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population, based on an investigation of the physical and social environment ○ Etiology-the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition ○ Mortality- refers to numbers of deaths due to particular cases ○ Morbidity- refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time ○ Incidence-number of new cases of a disease within a specified population ○ Prevalence-number of people who have a particular disease at a given time ○ Relative risk-incidence of a disease among individuals having certain characteristics

Chapter 3, 4, & 5 ● What are health behaviors? (p. 39) ○ behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health ● Know the models of why people engage or don’t engage in health behaviors (health belief model pp. 47-48, theory of planned behavior pp. 48-49, stages of change/Transtheoretical model pp. 56-58) ○ health belief model■ 2 factors for why a person would practice a certain health behavior ● whether the person perceives a personal health threat ● whether the person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat ○ theory of planned behavior ■ a health behavior is the direct result of a behavioral intention ■ behavioral intentions are made up of 3 components--the more in line these 3 things are the more predictive the behavior ● attitudes toward the specific action ● subjective norms regarding the action ● perceived behavioral control ○ Stages of change model (Prochaska)--example=smoking

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precontemplation-before you even now you want to change ● smoking is the best and I love it! ■ contemplation-thinking about how you should change ● I should probably quit smoking because lung cancer sounds lame...but I’m still smoking ■ preparation-getting ready to change ● gathering information and patches and nicotine gum and talking with my doctor about quitting smoking...but I’m still smoking ■ action- steps and actions taken in order to accomplish your goal you made in preparation ● start to quit smoking! ■ maintenance--after 6 months of action you can be considered in the maintenance stage ● I haven’t smoked in 6 months! Yay me! #maintenance Know the different approaches to behavior change (ch. 3) ○ Know the health effects of smoking (pp. 99-107), alcohol consumption (pp. 93-99), obesity (pp. 80-89), and exercise (pp. 65-68) ○ smoking ■ lung, mouth, bladder cancer ■ heart disease ■ single most preventable cause of illness and premature death ○ alcohol consumption ■ moderate drinking-lower rates of cardiovascular mortality ■ heavy drinking-higher mortality rates ■ high blood pressure, sleep disorders, stroke, liver issues ○ obesity ■ increases risk for lots of things, cancer and disability ■ high depression, low self-esteem ■ poor cognitive functioning ○ exercise ■ lowers blood pressure ■ elevates mood, decreases anxiety and depression ■ lowers body fat ■ lowers LDLs and increases HDLs Know the difference between health behaviors and health beliefs (ch 3) ○ behaviors are what you’re actually doing to improve health ○ beliefs are how you feel about health Know terms such as: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, self-reinforcement, shaping, contingency contract, token economy. ○ classical conditioning--no positive or negative reinforcements involved--just pairing of stimuli ○ operant conditioning-reinforcements and punishments to change behavior ○ self-reinforcement- when you are the one rewarding yourself--operant

conditioning where you are in charge of reinforcements shaping- reinforced for actions that have to do with a step in the right direction ■ rather than going cold turkey, you take steps toward the change you want ○ contingency contract- sign a contract with a person and hold yourself accountable to them for your actions ○ token economy- reinforcement system where you get something (like a sticker) when you do a good thing--when you have a certain number of stickers you get a reward Know what social engineering is and its effect on behavior change ○ any laws that enforce a specific behavior ○ forces people to change certain behaviors--not always effective? ○ can socially engineer all behaviors--ex illegal to smoke in public areas, but smoking is still legal Know the implications of fear appeals and message framing (pp. 45-46) ○ fear appeals can be effective if we know what can happen and how we can avoid it ○ gain framed-good things will happen if I do this ○ loss framed-bad things will happen if I don’t do this ○ tailored-changing message to either an approach or avoidance oriented person Know the different routes to attitude/behavior change. (ch. 3 and lecture) ○ how do attitudes predict behavior Know the details regarding the various eating disorders (pp. 89-92) ○ increasing in prevalence and hard to treat-people don’t want to admit they have a problem ○ anorexia nervosa ■ obsessive disorder amounting to self-starvation in which an individual diets and exercises to the point that body weight is grossly below optimum level ■ treated initially by attempting to bring patient’s weight back to normalresidential treatment centers or hospitals ○

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bulimia ■ alternating cycles of binge eating and purging through such techniques as vomiting, laxative abuse, extreme dieting or fasting, and drug or alcohol abuse ■ binge eating disorder: binge eating alone without purging after

From Class ● Know about general systems theory/hierarchy (lecture) ○ culture-subculture->community -> family -> two-person -> person (experience and behavior) -> nervous system -> organs/organ systems -> tissues ->cells ○ can look at any disease from any and all of these levels ● Know the 3 theories on Smoking (The nicotine fixed-effect, The nicotine regulation

theory, theory, the multiple-regulation model) ○ Nicotine Fixed Effect Model- triggers biological reward- focus on reward--nicotine relaxes peripheral muscles and activates reward centers in the brain ○ Nicotine Regulation Model- to avoid negative withdrawal symptoms--smokers crave when nicotine levels get low ○ Multiple Regulation Model- Biological and Psychological (not sure if that’s right...)--smoking is linked to emotional situations like smoking when you’re sad or stressed ● Know what is involved in self-modification. ○ quote from beginning of class? WHAT WAS IT?!?! ○ To be conscious that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge ● Understand the different types of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary). ○ Primary-preventing the disease in a healthy population [prevent illness] ■ ex. signs that say to use hand sanitizer, vaccines, seatbelts ○ Secondary- preventing disease symptoms or conditions from getting any worse early on [prevent progression] ■ at-risk people make changes in their diet for diabetes ○ Tertiary- [prevent death] ● Know the influence of fear appeals. ○ only helpful if they... ■ contain information about how the consequence might happen ■ contain a specific way to avoid the consequence ● Know ELM (Elaboration Likelihood Model); central vs. peripheral processing. ○ Central ■ thoughtful consideration ○ Peripheral ■ surface characteristics ***the central route is more likely to result in attitude changes that are more persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior change Mindless Eating (by Wansink) ● Know what the Mindless Margin is and how it may relate to obesity and weight gain ○ 100 calories more or less ○ we often eat up to 100 calories more than we need to--100 more calories a day adds up to 10 lbs a year ● Be able to describe studies that demonstrate how environmental factors influence how much we eat. ○ we eat more from bigger containers like a bigger plate or the whole bag of chips vs a small plastic bag of chips ● Be able to describe how factors that can contribute to unhealthy eating habits can be utilized in healthy ways. ○ we eat snacks mindlessly that are easily accessible-put the healthy things out on the counter and the unhealthy snacks in high cupboards or in the basement

From Review ● BMI ○ measure ■ weight divided by height ○ cutoffs ■...