Psychology Final Exam - Review PDF

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Psychology Final Exam: Test 1: Names associated with the school of thought. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

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14. 15. 16. 17.

William James – Functionalism John B. Watson – Behaviorism Max Wertheimer – Gestalt Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis Wilhelm Wundt – Introspection Psychological science is the study of: The mind, The Brain, Behavior The unconscious mind strongly influences human behavior, according to: - Psychoanalysis Why psychology is called an empirical science? - It relies on observable evidence for knowledge. The fact that a variety of thoughts flow through your mind, even as you are engaged in the activity of taking this test, exemplifies psychologist William James’s concept of: - Stream of consciousness The idea that perception cannot be broken down into separate parts but rather is a subjective phenomenological experience that can allow you to see the same picture in different ways is a central theme of: - Gestalt psychology Example of the biological level of analysis would be: - Examining how the death of a spouse results in changes to the serotonin levels (a neurotransmitter) in the brain. Example of using critical thinking and scientific reasoning would be: - Conducting research to investigate the effectiveness of “left brain/right brain” games in improving memory. Stuart believes that he has a mind that is distinct from his body. He is interested, however, in the relationship between them. Stuart’s interest best reflect: - The mind-body problem. The psychologist who is most closely associated with humanistic psychology is: - Rogers and Maslow In general, what can we conclude about whether nature or nurture most influences behavior? - Nature and nurture are tightly interwoven in their effects on behavior. Another word for “hypothesis” is: - Prediction You are conducting a study on the effects of a new drug (called SuperFast) on running speed. You randomly assign half of your subjects to a group that gets a pill containing the 10mg of the drug. The other half of your subjects are assigned to a group that gets a pill containing no medication (0mg). All subjects are required to run 100 yards. You measure how long it takes each participant to complete the run. In this study, the independent variable is the: - Amount of drug given

18. In a correlation study, a third variable refers to the: - Possibility that an unmeasured variable is the possible casual variable. 19. Why is experimental design an important element in science? - It helps to establish cause-and-effect relationships. 20. You are conducting to study on the effect of a new drug (called MemoryPlus) on memory. You randomly assign half of your subjects to a group that gets a pill containing the drug. The other half of your subjects are assigned to a group that gets a pill containing no medication. You measure each subject’s score on a 20-itme memory test. In this study, the dependent variable is the: - Score on the memory test 21. Goal of descriptive research is: - To observe and classify behavior. 22. Graph illustrates the relationship between the average number of hours per week spent studying and semester GPA. 23. Dr.Brown designed a study to investigate memory in college students. Before she could do the study, she first had to get approval from: - The Institutional Review Board 24. Which of the following types of research design would most likely be used to study a single person with a rare type of illness, phantom limb syndrome. - Case Study 25. Janet wanted to compare the effects of playing video games on children’s aggressive behaviors. She had one group of children played a non-violent video games. Later, while observing the children playing on the playground, she counted the number of aggressive behaviors performed by the children in each group. Why would she want to make sure to have an equal number of male and females in each of the video groups? - Because gender may be a confounding variable. 26. In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the experimental level of the independent variable (e.g., the group given the placebo pill) is the: - Control group 27. _____ Studies examine the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables but cannot determine cause and effect. - Correlational 28. In a double-blind study: - Neither the researcher nor the subject know whether the subject is in the control or experimental group.

29. Label parts of the neuron. - Dendrites - Soma - Nucleus - Terminal Button - Axon - Synapse - Nodes of Ranvier - Myelin Sheath - Branches 30. Drugs can alter the availability of neurotransmitters, thus affecting the functioning of neurons. Antagonistic drugs ______ the availability, whereas agonistic drugs ___ the availability. - Decrease, increase 31. Joe was abducted by aliens and subjected to a brain probe that damaged his occipital cortex. Due to this damage, Joe would most likely: - Have some problems with his vision. 32. There are three ways that neural transmission is halted: - The neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron. - The neurotransmitter alters its own structure after release from the synaptic vesicle. - The neurotransmitter activates autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron. 33. The spinal cord is part of the: - The central nervous system 34. The two types of ions that control neural firing are: - Sodium and potassium 35. Within the endocrine system, you might think of the pituitary glands as the master gland because it: - Controls the release of hormones throughout the system. 36. When a resting potential state exists within a neuron, the charge ______ - Inside the neuron is more negative 37. While in a remote jungle, Reuben steps on a poisonous snake. His bod has an alarm reaction (e.g., blood flows to the skeletal muscles, epinephrine is released, the lungs take in more oxygen), which prepare it for action. Which branch of the nervous system is preparing for action: - The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. 38. During her visit with Dr.Scule, Sally was given an intelligence test. Dr. Scule assessed Sally’s intelligence by examining the shape of her skull. The doctor’s approach is most consistent with: - Phrenology 39. Betty damaged her hippocampus during a fistfight. Due to the damage she would most likely have trouble: - Forming new long-term memories. 40. What are the three basic categories of neurons? - Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons. 41. In reference to neural activity, excitatory signals are to _____ as inhibitory signals are to ______. - Depolarization; hyperpolarization

42. When our sensory organs detect stimulus energy that is called ____. Our brain’s processing of that information is called _____. - Sensation; Perception 43. A fly lands on your arm but you do not feel it. After a moment, the fly begins to crawl across your arm, causing you to swat at it. You swatted at the fly because the fly’s action of crawling met the ___ needed for you to feel it. - Absolute threshold 44. Bottom-up processing means that perception ___ cognition. Top-down processing means that perception ___ cognition. - Directs; is constructed by 45. The thalamus organizes all sensory information except: - Olfaction 46. When someone perceives colors that are the same as different due to the background that surrounds them, this is an example of ____ because different wavelengths are interacting with the eye. - Additive color mixing 47. John has an inner ear infection and tells his doctor that he feels dizzy when he walks John’s ___ sense is disrupted because the ____ nerve is located near the inner ear. - Vestibular, Vestibular 48. An example of sensory adaption is: - Noticing the train that drives past your house less than you did when you moved in. 49. A football player is tackled and has a minor fracture to his left foot but does not notice. Melzack’s ___ theory of pain would explain why he is able to continue playing. - Gate control 50. While ice-skating, Sally fell and hit the back of her head. Since the accident she has had problems recognizing faces, including her own. Sally is experiencing a condition known as; - Prosopagnosia 51. People will see depth cause even when there aren’t any. A classic example of this perceptual mistake is called ____ illusion. - Ponzole 52. Gestalt principle of perceptual organization to the stimulus that would be the best example of each principle: - Proximity - Similarity - Good Continuation - Closure - Illusory Contours Test 2: 1. The WAIS is: - The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 2. According to Spearman, which of the following is the shortened name for general intelligence? - G

3. According to your textbook, your ability to learn, to understand complex ideas, to use knowledge to solve problems, and to adapt to environmental challenges can be summed up as: - Intelligence 4. What representation do you need to overcome to find new functions of object to solve a problem? - Functional fixedness 5. What is term used when someone has minimal intellectual capabilities in most areas but an exceptional capability in some other intelligent process? - Savant 6. Jack and Jill go on their first date. Jack opens the car door for Jill and pulls out her chair at the restaurant. Jack’s behavior is reflection of what kind of cognitive schema? - Scripts 7. Which of the three models explaining cognitive representations of categories was the most flexible due to a “fuzzy” representation of a concept? - Exemplar Model 8. Betty and Bethany go shopping in the mall for a new pair of winter boots. Bethany walks into the first store and spots a pair in her favorite color. She is comfortable with the price and there for makes the purchase and goes home. Betty walks into their first store and also spots a great pair. Betty is unsure about the price and wonders if the next store might have a better deal. After shopping in 5 different stores. Betty still has not brought any boots because she questions whether she will miss a better deal by giving up now. Based on our discussion of the paradox of choice, Betty would be a _____ and Bethany would be a ______. - Maximizer; Satisficer 9. In Kohler’s study he placed a banana out of the reach of a chimpanzee in a cage. After a period of time, the chimpanzee took two sticks and connected them, giving him the extended reach to get the banana. Kohler’s study demonstrated _____. - Insight 10. Sally earns all A’s in her courses, performs very well with puzzels, and is even a pretty good tennis player. However, most people would describe Sally as impatient, dismissive, and a little rude. According to Salovey and Mayer, sally probably has low _____. - Emotional Intelligence (EI) 11. The following are the Gardner’s proposed multiple intelligence: - Linguistic - Musical - Bodily-kinesthtic 12. Although your vocabulary is not that great and you have dropped out of high school, you are very creative and quick thinker. You would probably score high in this type of intelligence. - Fluid Intelligence 13. It a test is actually measuring what it claims to measure, that test is considered to have: - Validity 14. In 1905, Alferd Binet and Theodroe Simon developed the first: - Intelligence test

15. According to Willaim Stern’s method of calculating the intelligence quotient, a person with a mental age of 11 and a physical age of 10 would have an IQ of _______. - 110 16. In the Zimbardo prison simulation study: - Brutal and sadistic behavior can occur as a consequence of situational factors. 17. Blaming the victim is consistent with the: - Just world hypothesis 18. In Aronson’s jigsaw classroom intervention: - Students are required to cooperate with both in-group and out-group members. 19. When we explain the behavior of those around us, we typically: - Explain their behavior using personality or dispositional factors. 20. In Milgram’s classic study of obedience, most participants: - Follow the experimenter’s instructions to punish the learner for mistakes 21. Zajon’s theory of social facilitation argues that the presence of others: - Enhances simple or well-practiced responses 22. A relative shows up late (as usual) for a family dinner. How will she likely explain her behavior? - Things happened at the last minute that served to delay her departure 23. When explaining the behavior of another person, we tend to overestimate the influence of their personality traits, and underestimated the influence of the situation. The tendency is referred to as: - The fundamental attribution error 24. Your psychology professor assigns you to a group to run an experiment, analyze the data and write a report. Based on social loafing research, what would you expect her to do to reduce the amount of social loafing? - Monitor the work of each individual in the group 25. The mere exposure effect refers to our tendency to: - Like things more as we are exposed to them more frequently 26. The___ refers to the failure to offer help by those who see someone in need if there are other people present who may help. - The bystander intervention effect 27. How we initially feel about others is determined mostly by ______? - Mannerisms - Facial expressions - Nonverbal behavior 28. The important lesson to be taken away from the Abu Ghraib prison episode is that: - Situational factors can easily overwhelm positive personality traits 29. From a cognitive perspective, stereotypes are useful in all these ways: - Allows us to process social information quickly - Assist our impression formation - Are not draining on our conscious cognitive systems

30. Amber is planning her summer vacation. She is trying to decide between a trip to Alaska or a trip to Jamaica. After selecting Jamaica as her travel destination, she justifies the decision with statements such as “I’m more of a warm weather person and Alaska is still cold, even in the summer.” Amber is displaying: - Postdecisional dissonance 31. There is a long line of customers at the local electronics store because the new iPhone has been released. Everyone has been waiting several hours to purchase the new phone. Someone unexpectedly cuts into the line to make a purchase, despite only having JUST walked into the store. This individual would have violated a: - Social norm 32. Classical conditioning focuses on: - The associations between stimuli 33. Which of the following treatments for phobias involves gradual exposure to the feared object combined with training in relaxation techniques: - Systematic desensitization 34. Negative reinforcement _____ the probability of a behavior. - Increase 35. Performing animals, such as a water skiing squirrels and basketball playing rats, learned to do their amazing behaviors through the process of: - Shaping 36. Judi ate fried squid for dinner. About six hours later she felt ill and began to vomit. Now, whenever she looks at squid she fills a little nauseous. This example is most consistent with: - Conditioned food aversion 37. In spontaneous recovery: - A previously extinguished CR returns 38. You just bought a dog from some guy named Ivan. Ivan tells you that the dog has been classically conditioned to salivate when he hears a high-pitched bell. At YOUR house, you notice that the dog salivate whenever your door bell rings. This example is most consistent with the concept of: - Stimulus generalization 39. Behaviors followed by “satisfying” consequences are more likely to occur again and behaviors flowed by “unsatisfying” consequence are less likely to occur again. This is an paraphrase of: - Thorndike’s law of effect 40. It is much easier to classically condition a person to fear a snake than it is to classically condition them to fear a table. This difference is most likely related to the concept of: - Biological constraints 41. Jessica saw her brother sneak some cookies before dinner and then get punished by their dad for doing it. Jessica could describe what her brother did, but she would not do the behavior herself. Her reaction reflects: - Vicarious learning 42. Bandura’s studies using Bobo dolls that adult models interacting with the dolls showed that _____ can be learned through imitation and modeling. - Aggression 43. B.F. Skinner wanted to train his rat to press a lever using a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule. According to this schedule:

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The rat would be reinforced after he made a specific number of lever presses

Story: Sam wants to classically condition his dog to salivate when she hears the toilet flush. To train her, he first flushes the toilet and then gives her a dog treat. After several training trials, the dog salivates when she hears the sound of a flushing toilet. 44. In this example, the conditioned response is: - Salivation to the sound of the toilet. 45. In this example, the ____ is the unconditioned stimulus. - Dog treat 46. If Sam wanted to extinguished the dog’s conditioned response he would: - Flush the toilet, but not give the dog a treat 47. In a classroom demonstration, a professor read a list of 25 words to the students. After hearing the list, the students were asked to write down everything they remembered from the list. Most students remembered more words from the beginning and end of the list. Fewer words from the middle of the list were remembered. This demonstrates the: - Serial-position curve 48. The following is recommended as a strategy to improve memory? - Study in advance of the test instead of cramming - Go over the material even after you think you know it - Try to restate key ideas in your own words 49. After sustaining brain damage in a car accident, Joey can remember old memories from his past, but has trouble forming new memories. Joey is suffering from: - Anterograde amnesia 50. In an unusual study of memory researchers had one group of subjects learn a list of words while they were underwater (in scuba gear) and had a second group of subjects learn a list of words while they were on dry land. In this study, the group that learned the words underwater was able to recall more words when they were tested ___. This study demonstrated how ____ influence memory. - Underwater; context effect 51. ______is the technique of decreasing the number of items that must be held in short-term memory by grouping information into meaningful units. - Chunking 52. The items presented last in a list may be more efficiently recalled because they may - Still be in short-term memory 53. A group learns a list of words while following these instructions: “rate the usefulness of each item in the list if you were lost in the Amazon jungle.” Group B learns the same list of words while following these instructions: “mentally estimate the number of consonants in each word.” According to the concept of ____, group B will remember _____ than group A. - Level of processing; fewer words 54. Which brain structure plays the most important role in consolidating short-term memories into long-term memories? - Hippocampus 55. According to David Schacter and his list of The Seven Sins of Memory, the error of assigning a memory to the wrong source is called:

- Misattribution 56. According to the information processing model, the process in memory between encoding and retrieval is called: - Storage 57. Another name for short-term memory is: - Working memory 58. You are asked to memorize a list of words. Which encoding strategy will likely result in the best recall performance? - As you read word, think of a synonym for it (that is, a word that has the same meaning) 59. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model, what level of memory will we lose information that is not attended to? - Sensory memory 60. You are trying to remember the name of your favorite band’s new hit song. You can almost remember the song’s name. You know it starts with the letter “S”, you know it has four words in it, and you know that the third word rhymes with the word “snake”. Despite knowing all of this information about the name of the song, you still can’t quite pull the song’s name out of long term memory. You are obviously suffering from a case of T.O.T., which stands for: - Tip of the Tongue 61. Your memory of the time your father taught you to ride a bike would be a ____ memory; while your memory of how to ride a bike would be a ___ m...