HIST284 - Readings PDF

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Professor John P. Rosa
READING NOTES FROM FIRST HALF OF SEMESTER ONLY...

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Week 1: Thursday 8/29/19 Hawaiian Antiquities pgs. 1-40

Biographical Sketch of David Malo: - Ralph Waldo Emerson translated this book of Davida Malo’s - Nathaniel Emerson is from New England (Chrisitan/Protestant/Congregationalist or United Church of Christ missionaries) - Ability to read in Hawaiian and/or English is widely credited to missionary influence - Davida Malo was born at seaside town of Keauhou, North Kona, HI - Exact date of birth is unknown, but said to be about 1793 - Son of Aoao (dad) and Heone (mom) - During early life, he was connected with the high chief Kuakini (Governor Adams) - Became known as the great authority and repository of Hawaiian lore - Became in great demand as a raconteur of the old-time traditions, meles, and genealogies, as a master in the arrangement of the hula, as well as of the bobler sports of the Hawaiian arena - After a while, his views changed against the whole system due to influences from overseas - Married to a widow of alii blood named A’a-lai-oa. She was older than him and said to be the daughter of the great king of Maui, Kahekili (not likely) - A’a-lai-ao died while Davida was still in Hawaii, freeing him from the judgments of the marriage - When he moved to Lahaina, Maui, he met Rev. William Richards who settled as a missionary in 1832 by invitation from queen-mother Keopuolani - Davida was converted to Christianity and changed his name to David (baptimal name) - Could not grasp the English language so resorted to reading - Married an older woman with chiefish blood named Pahia. Marriage ceremony was Christian - High school in Lahaina-luna established in 1831, David enrolls at around 38yrs old - After Pahia dies, marries young woman anmed Lepeka (Rebecca) and has a daughter named A’a-laioa in memory of first wife. This marriage is unhealthy and leads to David’s death - Lived out the rest of his life devoted to Christianity in the seaside village of Kalepolepo, Maui

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Wife was unfaithful, leaving him shameful and without the strength to eat Last wish was to be taken in a canoe to Lahaina, where he would be close to his chosen resting place, Pa’u-pa’u Died October 21, 1853

Introduction: - David sets an example of a man who does his own work and works for what he wants Ch. 1 - General Remarks on Hawaiian History: - Some traditions handed down are not all factual - Reason for obscurity of facts is that the ancients did not write, so there is no way of recording data - Ancients left no records of when the lands were discovered, of what people drove them out, who were their leaders, what lands they visited, and what gods they worshiped - Memory was the only means of passing down tradition - Likely tradition and history is more accurate in later dates - Faults in memory lead to contradictions - Contradicting memories lead to a variety of different versions of traditions and history - Faulty memory also is the cause of contradictions in genealogies - Different people had different gods - Genealogies have different lines that run into each other - Three genealogies that indicate Hawaiian people as their kings, Kumu-lipo, Pali-ku, and Lolo Ch. 2 - Formation of the Land: - Surprising how contradictory accounts of history are - In the genealogies that we see the disagreement of their ideas in this regard - Moo-kuauhau (genealogy named Pu-anue) says earth and heavens were begotten - Kumukumu-ke-kaa gave birth to them with her husband Paia-aka-lani. Another version says Ka-mai-li gave birth with Kumuhonua - Wakea says Papa gave birth to these islands - Error because women do not give birth to countries - Kumu-lipo says land gew upon itself - Scientists propose land came from volcanic rocks, meaning it did give birth to itself Ch. 3 - Origin of the Primitive Inhabitants of Hawaii Nei: - Kumu-lipo says the first human was a woman named La’ila’i

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and her ancestors were of the night and she was the progenitor of the Hawiian race. Her husband is Ke-alii-wahi-lani (king who opens heaven) Lolo says that the first native Hawaiian was a name named Kahiko who marries Kupulanakehau and has two children named Lihauula and Wakea

Ch. 4 - Of the Generations Descended from Wakea: - From Wakea to the death of Haumea there were six generations in Lolo-i-mihani, then comes nineteen generations who migrated to Hawaii. It is clear people continued to populate Hawaii from there, but there is no indication of where they came from Ch. 5 - Names Given to Directions or the Points of Compass: - Point where the sun rose was kukulu, and where the sun set was kukuli komohana Ch. 6 - Terms Used to Designate Space Above & Below: - Ka-lani-paa: solid heavens - Keokeo or Kea: white cloud - Ao: daylight - La: sun rises and the day comes - Awakea: noon - Ua aui ka la: afternoon - Ahi-ahi: evening - Napoo ka la: sunset - Po: nighttime - Awa: rain - Lalo: ground - Maloko o ke kai: ocean, where fish live Ch. 7 - Natural & Artificial Divisions of the Land: - Moku or Aina: island - Pae-moku or Pae-aina: multiple islands grouped together Hawaiian Reader pgs. 331-336

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Long poem in Hawiian Queen Liliokalani writes poem down Publishes a version of the poem

Week 2: Thursday 9/5/19 Hawaiian Antiquities -

Ch. 8 - Concerning the Rocks: - Pohaku: rocks/stones

pgs. 41-91

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Koa: coral stone

Ch.9 - Plants & Trees: - Laau: every plant that grows in the earth - Ohia: large tree - Mauu: grasses - Koakoa: tree that grew to be of the largest size in all the islands - Ohe: bamboo Ch. 10 - Divisions of the Ocean: - Kai: ocean and all its parts - Kai-koo: violent, raging surf Ch. 11 - Eating Under the Kapu System: - Men cooked with two ovens, one for him, one for his wife - Women typically only were made taro which was pointed into poi and put into the calabash - Men had to thatch a house for himself to eat in, one to worship his idols as a sanctuary, one for him and his wife to sleep in, one for his wife to eat in, and one for his wife to beat tapa in - While women were menstruating, they stayed in a separate house. Husbands were not allowed to associate with women during this period because women were seen as unclean and unlucky Ch. 12 - The Divisions of the Year: - Year was divided into two seasons: kau & ‘hoo-ilo - Kau: six month season when the sun was directly overhead, when daylight was prolonged, when the trade-wind, makini noa’e, prevailed, when the days and nights were warm and the vegetation put forth fresh leaves - Hoo-ilo: six month season when the sun declined towards the south, when the nights lengthened, when the days and nights were cool, when herbage (vines) died away Ch. 13 - The Domestic & Wild Animals: - It is not known where the animals in Hawaii come from - The hog was the largest animal in Hawaii nei - Dogs were classified by the color of their hair - Mai’a : banana - Flour, rice, Irish potatoes, beans, Indian corn, squashes and melons were brought from foreign countries - Wai maoli: real water/water from the heavens Ch. 14 - The Fishes:

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Pa-pai: wholesome crab

Ch. 15 - The Tapas, Malos, Paus and Mats of the Hawiians: - Tapa: fabric of the clothing - Ma’o-ma’o: green - Pa’i-ula: red print Ch. 16 - The Stone Ax & The New Ax: - Hawiian axes were made of stone and passed down through generations - Ax-makers were greatly esteemed class in Hawaii Ch. 17 - The Aliis & The Common People: - Physical characteristics of the chiefs and common people of Hawaii were the same because they were all one race, alike in features and physique - Commoners and allies were all descended from the same ancestors, Wakea and Papa - King is over all people: supreme executive as long as he did right - The most suitable partner for a chief was his sister in a union called pi’o. Next suitable partner for a great chief as his halfsister. This was known as a naha. If neither of these could be obtained, he would be paired with the daughter of an elder or younger brother, or a sister in a union called hoi - When a tabu-chief ate, the people in his presence must kneel, and if anyone raised their knee, they were put to death - Auhau-puka: beggars - Makaainana: fixed residents of the land

Week 3: Thursday 9/12/19 Hawaiian Reader pgs. vii-36

Editor’s Note: - Arragended in chronological order by day of incident or setting, starting with the discovery of the islands by Captain Cook - Editors have been able to include selections for their choice - Honolulu, June 1959 (University of Hawaii)

Introduction: - Poems, stories, recollections, adventures - Editors, though judicious selection of materials, give recognition to the fact that Hawaii’s population today is about fifty percent Oreintal ancestry - 1826 Captain James Hunnewell: Journal of the Voyage of the “Missionary Packet” - 1855 Mrs. Lucy Goodale Thurston: The Life and Times of Lucy G. Thurston - 1928 Miss Teura Henry: Ancient Tahiti - 1948 Dr. Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii - 1948 Kathleen Dickenson Mellen: In a Hawaiian Valley - 1934 Ruth Elanor McKee: The Lord’s Anointed - Honolulu, July 1959 The Discovery of the Hawaiian Islands: - January 18, 1778 Captain James Cook discovered the Haaiian Islands - First island he saw was Oahu, Kauai, then Niihau - First named them the Sandwich Islands in honor of Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the British Admiralty - Hawaiians wanted anything made of iron so they traded pigs, taro, and sweet potatoes for nails - Captain Cook left after two weeks but returned less than a year later - At first the passengers of Captain Cook’s ship thought no one would have inhabited the islands, but were soon met by canoes being sent out to meet their ship - Hawaiians brought small stones as weapons of defense just in case when meeting Captain Cook’s ship but threw them overboard when they realized he was not a threat - Hawiians referred to iron as toe which signifies a hatchet - Lieutenant Williamson was sent with three armed boats to look for a landing place and for fresh water - Williamson tried to land and was stopped by natives so he had to shoot one of them and kill them - Describes Hawaiian people as rigorous, active, and the most expert swimmers - From James Cook and James King, A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, London, G. Nicol and T. Cadell, 1784 The Last Days of Captain Cook: - Captain Cook was killed on Kealakekua Bay on February 14, 1779 by natives - Private journal of James Burney describes the deathly account

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Refers to the Hawaiian natives as “Indians” February 13: Captain Cook landed at Kavarna with Lieutenant Phillips of the Marines Cook fires at canoes trying to get out of the harbor and kills chief Nooekemar Cook received a blow from a club and fell off a rock into the water Boats told the marines that Cook and four marines were killed and the Hawaiians had the bodies From a manuscript in the Mitchell Collection of the PUblic LIbrary of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

With Vancouver at Kealakekua Bay: - Thomas Manby sailed with Captain George Vancouver in 1791 - Spent three weeks at Kealakekua Bay in 1793 - Reached Karakakooah Bay on February 15, 1793 - John Young is from Lancashire and does not want to go home - Natives consider Young a chief - From The Honolulu Mercury, July and August 1929 Hawaiian Antiquities pgs. 92-120

Ch. 18 - Life in the Out-Districts and at the King’s Residence: - Out-district life was different than those in residence of the chief - They lived comfortably, with vegetables, animal food, tapa for coverings, girdles and loin-cloths and other comforts were in abundance - People were very humble and willing to work - Some of the country people were very industrious and engaged in farming or fishing - Many people left the country to live near the chiefs - Bulk of supplies of foods and goods for chiefs and people was produced in the country districts - People would stay with one chief for a while then move to the next - Only a few people in court wee married - The people liked passing the time by playing sports Ch. 19 - Concerning Kauwa: - Kauwa: slaves - Kauwa had two meanings. One who were kauwa by birth as well as those who were alii by birth - Those who had charge of the chief’s goods or who looked after his food wre kauwa - Some people went in front of the chiefs to declare themselves as kauwa as a form of respect

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Those who lived with the rich were referred to as kauwa but were not really kauwa Many ways in which one could be considered a kauwa, but in reality it is just one who is not abiding by the rules or is inferior to another

Ch. 20 - Wrong Conduct & Right Conduct: - If one has evil thoughts against another there are many ways they can express that through anger, indignation, sarcasm, scolding, fault-finding, sourness, etc. - If someone killed another, nothing was done about it because there was no law - It was rare for someone to be punished at the time - Things that were considered wrong - Shifting husbands/wives frequently - Getting food at other people's houses - Laziness Ch. 21 - Valuables & Possessions of the Ancient Hawaiians: - Bird feathers were the most valuable possessions - Canoe with its furniture was considered a valuable possession - Tht house was esteemed a possession of great value - Tapa was valuable Ch. 23 - The Worship of Idols: - Women believed that the deity was the one to bring good luck to them in any work - Commoners performed religious acts by uttering prayer to themselves - When a king or alii worshiped, the priest or keeper of the idol uttered the prayers while the alii only moved his lips and not not say anything

Week 4: Thursday 9/19/19 Hawaiian Journey - pgs. ii-25

Preface: - Book originally appeared under the title Hawaii 1776-1976 to commemorate Hawaii's participation in the nation’s bicentennial observance - Narrative is based on facts that are available but not everyone may agree with the interpretation

Introduction: - Hawaii's history in story and legend dates back at least a thousand years before the American colonies became a nation in 1776 - Modern Hawaiian history begins on January 20, 1778 when Captain Jmes Cook’s expedition made its first contact with the Hawaiian people on Kaua’i and Ni’ihau - American whaling fleets began wintering in Hawai’i in 1819 - By 1844 there were 490 American whaling ships in Honolulu and Lahaina - Protestant missionaries from Puritan New England arrived in 1820 - California Gold Rush of 1849 stimulated Hawaiian agriculture Early Hawaii: - Hawaii was first settled by migrants from the Marquesas - First settlement may have been as early as 300-800 A.D. - Chiefs ruled over portions of the land at the whim of the king, who could remove and replace them at will - Commoners were not bound to the territory or chief, they could leave anytime they wished as long as they found another chief willing to accept them - Kapu system was a way of life - Heiau: hawaiian temples containing images that symbolized the gods - In some temples, human sacrifices took place Surfing: - Body surfing is without a surfboard - Alaia: shorter board used to ride waves closer to shore - Olo: longer board used to ride bigger waves further out - Alaia is usually made of koa or breadfruit wood which was heavy compared to the light wiliwili wood of the longer olo boards - Common people could not use boards made of wiliwili - Ali’i placed a kapu on the best surging grounds - After missionaries came, surfing almost went distinct - In 1874 King Kalākaua made it popular again only for it to disappear once he died - 1900s Hawaii’s economy improved and surfing was back Captain Cook: - Came upon Hawaii when in route to the North Pacific in search of the Northwest Passage - Whenever possible he attempted peaceful contact with

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natives He tried to prevent sexual contact between his men and natives but it was unsuccessful First sea captain to prevent scurvy among his crew by insisting on a daily ration of sauerkraut for all his crew 50 years old when he died

Kamehameha I: - Born circa 1753-1758, died 1819 - About 25 years old when Captain Cook arrived - Conquered Hawai’i, Big Island, Maui, Laāna’i, and Moloka’i - To conquer O’ahu he built a fleet of canoes - He was the first to unite the islands of Hawaii - Was very interested in all things foregin - Brought in plants, firearms, diseases, alcohol Ka’ahumanu: - Born 1772, died 1832 - Epitome of beauty, being large was a sign of prosperity and health - Favorite wife of Kamehameha - Openly had affairs even after the king placed a kapu on her - Primarily responsible for the overthrow of the kapu system - Married King Kaumuali’i of Kaua’i and then later his son - Died alongside Kamehameha II while visiting London Kamehameha II: - Born 1797, died 1824 - Real name is Liholiho - 22 when he was sworn in as king at Kailua-Kona on May 20, 1819 - Died in London with wife Kamehameha III: - Born 1814, died 1854 - Real name is Kauikeaouli - Last son of Kamehameha the Great to rule - Became king at 10 years old - Reigned 29 years as the longest monarch in Hawaii - Hawaii moved from autocracy toward democracy and from kingship to constitutional monarchy - Died in Honolulu on December 15, 1854 after naming his nephew as his successor Kamehameha IV: - Born 1834, died 1863

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Real name is Alexander Liholiho First grandson of Kamehameha the Great to rule 1856, married Emma Rooke, part-European descendant of Hawaiian chieftains and granddaughter of an Englishman Anti-American Son named Prince Albert who died at four years old Died on November 30, 1863

Kamehameha V: - Born 1830, died 1872 - Real name is Lot Kamehameha - Final direct descendant of Kamehameha the Great - Was very sick for several years before his death - Never spoke of naming a successor - Died on December 1, 1872 on his 42 birthday without naming a successor - Ended dynasty founded by Kamehameha the Great and so monarchs would then be elected Lunalilo: - Born 1835, died 1874 - Real name is William Lunalilo - King after informal popular vote - Took oath of office at Kawaiaha’o Church on January 12, 1873 - Liked music, literature, and the arts - Known as a drinker - Liberal views and tried to democratize the constitution - Reign lasted only slightly more than a year - Failed to name a successor - Died February 3, 1874

Week 5: Tuesday 9/24/19 Hawaiian Antiquities pgs. 187-213

Ch. 36 - Concerning the Makahiki - Makahiki: time when men, women, and chiefs rested and abstained from all work - People did not engage in usual religious affairs either, just offered food - Four days for every man to rest - Began in Ikuwa, the last month of Kau (October) and continued through the first three months of Hooilo, Welehu,

Makalii and Kaelo (November, December, January) Ch. 37 - Concerning the Luakini - Great undertaking for a king to build a heiau of luakini - Two types of worship

Week 5: Thursday 9/26/19 Hawaiian Journey - pgs. 36-73

Missionaries: - 1837-1840, nearly 20000 Hawaiians accepted Chrisitainity - Missionaries who came to Hawaii in the early years were from Puritan New England - Missionaries organized Hawaiian language in written form - Taught Hawaiians to read/write in their own language - First mission press printed Bibles, hymnals, textbooks, pamphlets, and periodicals in Hawaiian and English - Schools were established as quickly as possible - Missions encouraged development of agriculture and manufacturing - Introduced Western medicine Father Damien: - Born as Joseph de Veuster on January 3, 1840, in Tremeloo, Belgium to a family of grain-growing peasants - Assigned to the Sacred Hearts Mission in Hawaii and was ordained a priest in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu on May 21, 1864 - Worked alongside those affected by Hansen’s Disease and helped them - Built chapels and orphanages - Once word got out, donations came from all over the world to help his cause - Died on April 15, 1889 Whaling: - First American whalers moved into the Pacific off Chile in 1791 as whales were becoming more scarce in the Atlantic - By 1...