Final TERM Module Readings PDF

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DISCLAIMERThis module is intended for STUDENTS OF TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY ONLY inorder to address the flexible learning scheme for A. 2020-2021 as implemented by theCommission on Higher Education brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. The textbooks, articles,websites, and video links used in compiling th...

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DISCLAIMER

This module is intended for STUDENTS OF TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY ONLY in order to address the flexible learning scheme for A.Y. 2020-2021 as implemented by the Commission on Higher Education brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. The textbooks, articles, websites, and video links used in compiling this module are properly cited. No reproduction of any part of this module may be used, sold, or distributed for commercial purposes or be changed or included in any other business, work, or publication, whether in print or electronic unless prior permission has been granted.

Republic of the Philippines Tarlac State University COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Main Campus Tarlac City Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax. No. (045) 982-0110 Social Science 1C – Readings in Philippine History TSU VMGO VISION

Tarlac State University is envisioned to be a premier university in Asia and the Pacific.

MISSION

Tarlac State University commits to promote and sustain the offering of quality & relevant programs in higher and advanced education ensuring equitable access to education for people empowerment, professional development, and global competitiveness.

Towards this end, TSU shall: 1. Provide high quality instruction trough qualified, competent & adequately trained faculty members & support staff. 2. Be a premier research institution by enhancing research undertaking in the fields of technology & sciences & strengthening collaborating with local and international institution. 3. Be a champion in community development by strengthening partnership with public and private organization & individuals

CORE VALUES

E – xcellence Q - uality U - nity I - ntegrity T - rust in God, Transparency & True Commitment Y - earning for Global Competitiveness

PREPARED BY THE FOLLOWING FACULTY MEMBERS: DR. LINO L. DIZON Professor VI  [email protected]

Dr. Lino L Dizon is presently a commissioner of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. He is also the Dr. Lee Ye-lick Alex Professor in Social Sciences and Professor VI (Full Professor) of Tarlac State University and heads its Center for Tarlaqueño Studies. He holds a PhD (Philippine Studies) from the University of the Philippines, Diliman. He edits ALAYA, the Kapampangan Research Journal of the Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University where he used to be the history consultant and from 2012 until early 2017 had been the Writer –in –Residence of Cavite Studies Center, De La Salle University – Dasmariñas. He has already written more than a score of books on Philippine local history and culture, including Mr. White: A ‘Thomasite’ History of Tarlac Province, 1901-1913, Nascent Philippine Studies on the Life and Labor of José Felipe Del-Pan, 1821-1891 and Photographing Revolutionary Cavite: The Colonial Representation, 1896-1899 and is the co-author of a number of publications including Cruceiro: Spanish Galicia at Some Crossroads in Philippine History & Culture (1521-1898) and Gloria: Roman Leoncio’s Kapampangan Translation of Huseng Batute’s Verse Novel, Lost and Found, which won the 2004 Philippines’ National Book Awards for Translation. A University Scholar of the University of the Philippines, Diliman from 2005-2007, Prof. Dizon was a Vice- President of KABANSA, Inc.- the Association of Local Studies Centers in the Philippines and a current EXECON-Member of the National Commission for the Culture and the Arts’ Committee for Historical Research (2020-2022, representing Luzon). Recipient of many national and international scholarship and research grants as those from the Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, American Association of the Philippines, Japan Foundation, Nihon University - Mishima and the Research Forum on Philippine-Japan Relations, he was a Fulbright Research Fellow for 2010-2011 at the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

DR. AGNES S. MALLARI-MACARAEG Professor V  [email protected]

Dr. Agnes M. Macaraeg was the Dean of the College of Arts and Social Sciences of Tarlac State University, Tarlac City, from June 01, 2009 to August 04, 2019. Dr. Macaraeg was a graduate of Baguio Colleges Foundation, now the known University of Cordillera, Baguio City with a degree Bachelor of Arts in Political Science in 1985. She is also a holder of Master’s Degree in Administration and Supervision and Doctor of Education major in Educational Management. She is a Licensed Professional Teacher. She is currently under the Social Sciences Department of the College of Arts and Social Sciences, teaching subjects such as Readings in Philippine History, Philippine Constitution, General Sociology, Contemporary World and Ethics. Dr. Macaraeg is also a faculty member of the Graduate Studies of this Institution and at St. La Salle University of Bacolod, teaching masters’ and doctorate students under the Eduardo Cojuangco Foundation Program and likewise, she is a volunteer Professor at Our Lady of Peace College Seminary, Tarlac City. She is one of the authors of the Sociology book entitled SOCIOLOGY (Exploring Society and Culture) published in 2010 by TCS Publishing House and currently working for the publication of the book in Readings in Philippine History.

MR. CHARLES KEVIN T. SALONGA Lecturer  [email protected] Charles Kevin T Salonga is a graduate of Bachelor in Public Administration at University of the Philippines,Diliman, Quezon City in 2016. Currently, he is taking up Juris Doctor at Angeles University Foundation. He is also a lecturer of General Education Department (Social Science), College of Arts and Social Sciences at Tarlac State University since 2016. He has been teaching different social science subjects such as Readings in Philippine History, Philippine Constitution, Economics and Taxation, Humanities, Sociology, Ethics, and Contemporary World.

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTOR HISTORY Y SOCIAL SCIENCE 1C (SS1C) 3 UNITS Credit NO Pre-requisite Course COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course analyzes Philippine history from multiple perspectives through the lens of selected primary sources coming from various disciplines and of different genres. Students are given opportunities to analyze the author’s background and main arguments, compare different points of view, identify biases and examine the evidences presented in the document. The discussions will tackle traditional topics in history and other interdisciplinary themes that will deepen and broaden their understanding of Philippine political, economic, cultural, social, scientific and religious history. Priority is given to primary materials that could help students develop their analytical and communication skills. The end goal is to develop the historical and critical consciousness of the students so that they will become versatile, articulate, broadminded, morally upright and responsible citizens. COURSE OUTLINE: FINAL TERM COVERAGE CHAPTER III: One Past and many Histories: Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine History Cases: Module 10: The First Mass in the Philippines Module 11: The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Module 12: Jose Rizal’s Retraction Module 13: Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin CHAPTER IV: Political, Economic, and Socio- Cultural Issues in Philippine History Mandated Topics: Module 14 : Malolos Constitution, 1935 Constitution, 1973 Constitution Module 15: The 1987 Constitution Module 16: Agrarian Reform in the Philippines Module 17: Taxation Module 18: Special Topics:

A. IPRA Law and Government Peace Treaties with Muslim Filipinos B. Local and Oral History, Cultural Performances and Indigenous practices

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE 10 HISTORICAL COONTOVERSY: The First Mass in the Philippines

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INSTRUCTIONS TO THE USER:

1. The user is to study this module at his own pace within the time frame set by the instructor. Check the OBTL syllabus for guidance. 2. Video links for subtopics are also provided in this module. 3. References, Supplemental and Additional readings are also given for further understanding and appreciation of the lesson. 4. Self-Check Test are also available for student’s self-assessment. Respective instructors may ask the students to submit answers via agreed platforms

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Demonstrate to the ability to use primary sources to argue in favor or against a particular issue 2. Reexamine the conflicting evidence of the First Mass in the Philippines. 3. Be able present a stand based on available facts, data and evidence.

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The First Mass in the Philippines

The birth of Roman Catholicism in the country was signified by the celebration of the first Catholic mass in the Philippines March 31, 1521, after Ferdinand Magellan landed on the Philippines which he named then as the Archipelago of St. Lazarus. However, the location of the mass is still shrouded with controversy. Originally it was believed that the mass was celebrated in the in the island of Limasawa, in Leyte, but the discovery of the Golden Tara in Butuan made some Philippine Historian question the veracity of the Limasawa location. As recounted by Pigafetta the first Christian Mass celebrated was made in an island which he called ''Mazaua.'' In 1996, the Philippine Congress directed the National Historical Institute to recommend a historical finding. The panel and the NHI reaffirmed in 1998 that the place is Limasawa, but the controversy is still alive until today. Following is an excerpt coming from a primary source that tackles the issue in question. This is from Pigafetta’s Chronicles of the Voyage of Magellan. Source: Emma Blair and James Alexander Robertson. The Philippine Islands Vol. 33.

1. On Saturday, March 16, 1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leguas from the islands of Latroni—an island named Zamal [i.e., Samar]. The following day, the captain-general desired to land on another island which was uninhabited and lay to the right of the abovementioned island, in order to be more secure, and to get water and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the shore for the sick and had a sow killed for them. 2. On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that no one should move or say a word without his permission. When those men reached the shore, their chief went immediately to the captain-general, giving signs of joy because of our arrival. Five of the most ornately adorned of them remained with us, while the rest went to get some others who were fishing, and so they all came. The captain-general seeing that they were reasonable men, ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they saw the captain’s courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which they call uraca [i.e., arrack], figs more than one palmo long [i.e., bananas], and others which were smaller and more delicate, and two cocoanuts. They had nothing else then, but made us signs with their hands that they would bring umay or rice, and cocoanuts and many other articles of food within four days. 3. There are many islands in that district, and therefore we called them the archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were discovered on the Sabbath of St. Lazurus. They lie in 10 degrees of latitude toward the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of 161 degrees from the line of demarcation.

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4. At noon on Friday, March 22, those men came as they had promised us in two boats with cocoanuts, sweet oranges, a jar of palm-wine, and a cock, in order to show us that there were fowls in that district. They exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us. We purchased all those articles from them. Their seignior was an old man who was painted [i.e., tattooed]. He wore two gold earrings [schione] in his ears, and the others many gold armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads. We stayed there one week, and during that time our captain went ashore daily to visit the sick, and every morning gave them cocoanut water from his own hand, which comforted them greatly. 5. On Thursday morning, March twenty-eight, as we had seen a fire on an island the night before, we anchored near it. We saw a small boat which the natives call boloto with eight men in it, approaching the flagship. A slave belonging to the captain-general, who was a native of Zamatra [i.e., Sumatra], which was formerly called Traprobana, spoke to them. They immediately understood him, came alongside the ship, unwilling to enter but taking a position at some little distance. The captain seeing that they would not trust us, threw them out a red cap and other things tied to a bit of wood. They ]received them very gladly, and went away quickly to advise their king. About two hours later we saw two balanghai coming. 6. Next day, holy Friday, the captain-general sent his slave, who acted as our interpreter, ashore in a small boat to ask the king if he had any food to have it carried to the ships; and to say that they would be well satisfied with us, for he [and his men] had come to the island as friends and not as enemies. The king came with six or eight men in the same boat and entered the ship. He embraced the captain-general to whom he gave three porcelain jars covered with leaves and full of raw rice, two very large orade, and other things. The captain-general gave the king a garment of red and yellow cloth made in the Turkish fashion, and a fine red cap; and to the others (the king’s men), to some knives and to others mirrors. Then the captain-general had a collation spread for them, and had the king told through the slave that he desired to be casi casi with him, that is to say, brother. The king replied that he also wished to enter the same relations with the captaingeneral. Then the captain showed him cloth of various colors, linen, coral [ornaments], and many other articles of merchandise, and all the artillery, some of which he had discharged for him, whereat the natives were greatly frightened. Then the captain-general had a man armed as a soldier, and placed him in the midst of three men armed with swords and daggers, who struck him on all parts of the body. Thereby was the king rendered almost speechless. The captaingeneral told him through the slave that one of those armed men was worth one hundred of his own men. The king answered that that was a fact. The captaingeneral said that he had two hundred men in each ship who were armed in that manner. He showed the king cuirasses, swords, and bucklers, and had a review made for him. Then he led the king to the deck of the ship, that is located above at the stern; and had his sea-chart and compass brought. He told the king through the interpreter how he had found the strait in order to voyage thither, and how many moons he had been without seeing land, whereat the king was astonished. Lastly, he told the king that he would like, if it were pleasing to him, to send two

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of his men with him so that he might show them some of his things. The king replied that he was agreeable, and I went in company with one of the other men. 7. Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and Easter-day, the captaingeneral sent the priest with some men to prepare the place where mass was to be said; together with the interpreter to tell the king that we were not going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass. Therefore the king sent us two swine that he had had killed. When the hour for mass arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without our body armor, but carrying our other arms, and dressed in our best clothes. Before we reached the shore with our boats, six pieces were discharged as a sign of peace. We landed; the two kings embraced the captain-general, and placed him between them. We went in marching order to the place consecrated, which was not far from the shore. Before the commencement of mass, the captain sprinkled the entire bodies of the two kings with musk water.”243 The mass was offered up. The kings went forward to kiss the cross as we did, but they did not offer the sacrifice. When the body of our Lord was elevated, they remained on their knees and worshiped Him with clasped hands. The ships fired all their artillery at once when the body of Christ was elevated, the signal having been given from the shore with muskets. After the conclusion of mass, some of our men took communion. The captain-general arranged a fencing tournament, at which the kings were greatly pleased. Then he had a cross carried in and the nails and a crown, to which immediate reverence was made. He told the kings through the interpreter that they were the standards given to him by the emperor his sovereign, so that wherever he might go he might set up those his tokens. [He said] that he wished to set it up in that place for their benefit, for whenever any of our ships came, they would know that we had been there by that cross, and would do nothing to displease them or harm their property. If any of their men were captured, they would be set free immediately on that sign being shown. It was necessary to set that cross on the summit of the highest mountain, so that on seeing it every morning, they might adore it; and if they did that, neither thunder, lightning, nor storms would harm them in the least. They thanked him heartily and that they would do everything willingly. The captain-general also had them asked whether they were Moros or heathen, or what was their belief. They replied that they worshiped nothing, but that they raised their clasped hands and their face to the sky; and that they called their god “Abba.” Thereat the captain was very glad, and seeing that, the first king raised his hands to the sky, and said that he wished that it were possible for him to make the captain see his love for him. The interpreter asked the king why there was so little to eat there. The latter replied that he did not live in that place except when he went hunting and to see his brother, but that he lived in another island where all his family were. The captaingeneral had him asked to declare whether he had any enemies, so that he might go with his ships to destroy them and to render them obedient to him. The king thanked him and said that he did indeed have two islands hostile to him, but that it was not then the season to go there. The captain told him that if God would again allow him to return to those districts, he would bring so many men that he would make the king’s enemies subject to him by force. He said that he was about to go to dinner, and that he would return afterward to have the cross set up on the 5

summit of the mountain. They replied that they were satisfied, and then forming in battalion and firing the muskets, and the captain having embraced the two kings, we took our leave. 8. After dinner we all returned clad in our doublets, and that afternoon went together with the two kings to the summit of the highest mountain there. When we reached the summit, the captain-general told them that he esteemed highly having sweated for them, for since the cross was there, it could not but be of great use to them. On asking them which port was the best to get food, they replied that there were three, namely, Ceylon, Zubu, and Calaghann, but that Zubu was the largest and the one with most trade. They offered of their own accord to give us pilots to show us the way. The captain-general thanked them, and determined to go there, for so did his unhappy fate will. After the cross was erected in position, each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and adored the cross; and the kings did the same. The kings had some cocoanuts brought in so that we might refresh ourselves. The captain asked the kings for the pilots for he intended to depart the following morning, and [said] that he would treat them as if they were the kings themselves, and would leave one of us as hostage. The kings replied that every hour he wished the pilots were at his command, but that night the first king changed his ...