Histology Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1: Intro To Histology PDF

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Histology Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1: Intro to Histology the info on Hematoxylin Chapter 4: Epithelia of Cells, Cell Surface Specializations, Types of Four Basic Types of Tissue 1. Epithelia 2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle 4. Nervous Tissue Basic epithelial cell shapes 1. Squamous: flat, slende...

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Hi st ol ogyFi nalExam St udyGui de Chapt er1:I nt r ot oHi st ol ogy “ Onl yt hei nf oonst ai ns ”

Hemat oxyl i n=DNA/ RNA

Chapt er4:Epi t hel i a “ Feat ur esofCel l s ,Cel lSur f aceSpec i al i z at i ons ,Ty pesofEpi t hel i a” FourBasi cTypesofTi ssue 1.Epi t hel i a 2.Connect i veTi ssue 3.Muscl e 4.Ner vousTi ssue Basi cepi t hel i al cel l shapes 1.Squamous:flat ,sl endercel ls hape;nucl ei flataswel l 2.Cuboi dal :squar e/ c ubel i k e,maybewi dert hani ti st al l ;nucl eiar er ound 3.Col umnar :t al l ert hani ti swi de;nucl eiar epushedt oonesi de( t op/ bot t om) Cel l sur f acemodi ficat i ons -Mi cr ovi l l i :f or msbr ushbor derwi t hmi cr ofil ament s( don’ tgetconf usedwi t hmi cr ot ubul es) •Ess ent i al l yanext ensi onoft hecel lmembr ane -St er eoci l i a:l onger ,mor e“ r andom”ci l i a;f oundi nmal er epr oduct i v es yst em;has“ st er eomi cr ovi l l i ” -Ci l i a:v er yr egul armi cr ot ubul ear r angement ;9+2ar r angemental l owsf oropt i malmovement -Mostcommonmodi ficat i onf orSi mpl eCol umnarEpi t hel i ai sCI LI A( canhav eabr ushbor dert oo) •Ci l i af xn:movi ngt hi ngspastt hecel ll ay er •Br ushbor derf x n:i ncr eas eabsor pt i on -St r at i fiedSquamousEpi t hel i a( al wayssayk er at i ni z edornonk er at i ni z ed) •Vagi nal ,or al ,andanal openi ngsar eal lnonk er at i ni z ed -St r at i fiedCuboi dal Epi t hel i ai snotcommon -St r at i fiedCol umnarEpi t hel i ai sver yr ar e,butcanbef oundi nar easoft r ansi t i on( t r ansi t i oni ngf r om onet ypet oanot her ) •Ex .Anusb/ wsi mpl ecol umnarofcol onandst r at i fiedsquamousofr emai nderofanal epi t hel i um -Pseudost r at i fiedCol umnarEpi t hel i a:mak esur eev er ycel l t ouchest hesur f ace •Commonl yf oundi nr espi r at or yt r act( t r achea,pr i mar ybr onchi )

-Tr ansi t i onal Epi t hel i a:l ookf orbumps;ur i nar yt r act( ki dney ,ur et hr a,bl adder ) ;st r et chesbl addersowecanhol di ti n

Chapt er5:Connect i veTi ssue “ Cel l soft heCT,Fi ber s( buty oudoNOTneedt ok nowal l t hedi ffer entt ypesofcol l agenordet ai l sofcol l agen pr ocess i ng) ,Gr oundsubst ance( j us tt hebasi ccomponent s;t hi smeansy oudoNOTneedt oknowt het abl e wi t hspeci fi ct ypesofGAGs;y oual sodoNOTneedt oknowaboutt hemov ementofflui dt hati si ncl udedi nt hi s s ect i on) ,Ty pesofCT” CTCel l s -Fi br obl ast s:basi ccel l oft heCT;mak esup70% ofcel l swi t hi n;i mpor t antsecr et or ycel l s -Adi poc yt es:f atcel l s,adi poset i ssue •Uni l ocul ar( whi t e) :commonf at •Mul t i l oc ul ar( br own) :babyf at ;“ heatf act or i es”bct hebur ni ngofi ti sus edf orr egul at i ngbodyt emp -Macr ophages:i mpor t anti ni mmuner esponse;v er yl ar gecel l st hatphagocyt osef or ei gnt i ssues;commonl yf oundj ust bel owepi t hel i ai nCT( pr onet of or ei gnsubst ancesget t i ngi n •Locat i on:l ymphoi dor gans ,bonemar r ows,pl eur alandper i t onealcavi t i es •KupfferCel l s( l i v er ) ….Mi cr ogl i alCel l s( CNS) …. .Langer hansCel l s( epi der mi sofski n)

-Mastcel l s:i mmuner esponse;pack edwi t hv esi cl es/ gr anul es;hi st ami nesf oral l er gi cr esponse •Secr et i onsi ncl ude:hepar i n( ant i coagul ant ) ,hi s t ami ne( i ncr easesi nflammat i on) ,pr ot eogl y cans,ECFA( ?) -Pl asmacel l s:i mmuner esponse;ant i bodi esr espondi ngt oi nv asi onbyf or ei gner ;CTi sfir s tl i neofdef enseonce pat hogensent eri nt hr oughepi t hel i a -Leuk ocyt es:whi t ebl oodcel l s Fi ber s -Col l agenTypeI :secr et edbyfibr obl ast s;mostcommoncol l agent ype -Ret i cul arfiber s:si l v erl ovi ng;f or msmeshwor k s;f oundi nl ymphnodes,l i v er … pl aceswher ebl oodorl ymphar efil t er ed •Madeofcol l agenTypeI I I -El ast i cfiber s :st r et chy… f oundi npl aceswher emor est r et chi sneeded;br anchi ng( uni quet ocol l agenfiber s) •Madeoffibr i l l i nandel ast i n •For mat i on -Fi br i l l i ni ss ecr et edbyfibr obl ast s -El ast i ni sdeposi t edonscaffol dofmi cr ofibr i l s;accumul at esov ert i meandwi l lev ent ual l yoccupi esmost oft heel ect r ondensespace •Connectt oot herel ast i cfiber svi acr ossl i nks Gr oundsubst ance -Ev er yt hi ngbet weent hefiber s/ cel l s( flui det c. ) ;basi cal l yi nt er st i t i al flui d;i oncomposi t i oni ssi mi l art obl oodpl asma -Dependsonwhatt ypeofCTf orhowmuchgr oundsubst ancei spr esent -Component s( al l cont ai nacar bohydr at eandpr ot ei npor t i on) •Pr ot eogl y cans -Ver ysmal l ;can’ tseeundermostmi cr oscopes -Cor epr ot ei nconnect edt ot hehyal ur onanpr ot ei nsmadei nt heRER;ani oni candhydr ophi l i c •Gl y cosami nogl ycans( ur oni caci dandhex osami ne) •Gl y copr ot ei ns( l ami ni nandfibr onect i n) -Gl ycopr ot ei nsar emul t i adhesi v e •Theyhav emul t i pl ebi ndi ngsi t es ,hol dcel l sofCTi npl ace,&adher et ogr oundsubst ance -Lami ni n:maj orcomponentofbasall ami na •Bi ndi ngsi t esf ori nt egr i n,TypeI Vcol l agen -Fi br onect i n:di merf or m;madebyfibr obl ast s •Bi ndi ngsi t esf orcol l agensandgl y cosami nogl y cans CTTypes LooseCT:l ot sofgr oundsubst ance;manycel l sandl i t t l ecol l agen •Cont ai nsi mmunedef ensecel l s Densei r r egul arCT:l i t t l egr oundsubst ance;f ewcel l s( fibr obl ast s)andl ot sofcol l ageni nr andoml yar r angedfiber s •Mor ephy si calpr ot ect i on Denser egul arCT:al mostcompl et el yfil l edwi t hpar al l elbundl esofcol l agen;f ewfibr obl ast sal i gnedw/ icol l agen •Muscul osk el et al connect i ons Ret i cul arCT:speci al i zedt ypeofCT;TypeI I Icol l agen( i nst eadofTypeI ) •“ Ret i cul i n”=col l agenTypeI I I Mucoi dCT:speci al i z edt ypeofCTf oundi numbi l i calcor d;smal l amountofcol l agenfiber s;suppor tf xnofumbi l i cal cor d

Chapt er6:Adi poseTi ssue “ Al l ” -1520% ofbodywei ghti nmen;l i t t l emor ei nwomen -St or ageoft r i gl y cer i desf orener gyst or age -Regul at i onofmet abol i sm ( endocr i ne) -Ther mal i nsul at i on -Shapesbodys ur f ace -Cushi oni ng( pr ot ect i on) -Whi t eadi poset i ssue:f atf oundi nadul t s;l i pi ddr opl ett akesupmostal loft hecel l •Wear eawar eofwhati tl ooksl i k e… -Br ownadi poset i ssue:babyf at •25% ofnewbor nbodywei ght( head,bac k,s houl der s) •Regul at ebodyt emper at ur e

St or ageandmobi l i zat i onofl i pi ds -“ I nor derf oradi pocyt est obev al uabl ei nt her mal r egul at i onorasanener gyst or agel ocat i on,t heyneedt obeabl et o conv er tt hatl i pi di nt osomet hi ngusef ul . ” -Hor monesensi t i vel i pase:st i mul at edt ost ar tbr eaki ngdownl i pi d -Thr eemai nsour cesoft r i gl y cer i desorl i pi dst hatar est or edi nwhi t eadi pocy t e 1.Di et ar yf at s:br oughti nt ocel l svi aci r cul at i on;br oughti nasachyl omi cr on •Chyl omi cr on:smal l bi t st hathav ebeenunchangedf r om di et ar y;canbever ysmal lorl ar ge 2.Li pi dss ynt hesi z edi nt hel i v er :br oughti nasVLDL( v er yl owdensi t yl i popr ot ei ns) •Muchmuchsmal l er 3.Fr eef at t yaci ds:s ynt hesi z edbyt headi pocyt ei t sel f •Fat t yac i dsandgl y cer ol -VLDLsandchyl omi cr onscanbehy dr ol yzedbyl i popr ot ei nl i pasesoi tcanbemov edi nt ot headi pocyt e( br ok endown i nt oj ustt r i gl ycer i desf ort hel i pi ddr opl et ) -I ns ul i nst i mul at esupt akeofgl ucosebyadi pocy t es….upt ak eofgl ucosespeedsupconv er si ont ot r i gl y cer i desand s peedsupt hel i popr ot ei nl i pasemov ementoff at si nt ot headi pocyt e -Tr i gl y cer i desar emadei nt hepr esenceofi nsul i n… i nsul i nst i mul at esl i popr ot ei nl i paset ohydr ol y zeVLDLsand c hyl omi cr ons -Nor epi nephr i nemadei nadr enalgl andcanact i v at ehor monesensi t i v el i paset hatwi l lbei ngt hebr eak downoft hel i pi di n t hel i pi ddr opl et Hor monalr egul at i on •I nsul i n:st i mul at espr oduct i onoft r i gl y cer i des •Nor epi nephr i ne:st i mul at esbr eak downoft r i gl y cer i des( v i ahor monesensi t i v el i pas e) -Gr owt hhor monecandot hi sal so… -I ns ul i ni nhi bi t sact i v at i onofhor mones ensi t i v el i pase Lept i n -Pr oducedbywhi t eadi pocyt es -Lept i nl evel sr eflectbody l i pi dcont ent -Thi shor monei si nv ol vedi nt hef eel i ngofbei ngsat i at ed( f eel i ngf ul l ) -Def ect i v el ept i ngene=eat i ngeat i ngeat i ng… Devel opmentoff atcel l s -Mesenchymal cel l s:canf or mi nt ofibr obl ast sORpr eadi poc yt es -Pr eadi poc yt es:t ur ni nt obr own,bei ge,orwhi t eadi pocyt es •Bei geadi poc yt escanf or mi nt owhi t eover t i meast hel i pi ddr opl et sbecomeone -Obesi t y :whennut r i t i onali nt ak eex ceedsener gyexpendi t ur e •Adul tobesi t y :f atcel l sgr owi ngi nsi ze,notget t i ngmor ecel l s… f atcel l sar el ar gert hant ypi calper son

Chapt er7:Car t i l age “ Hy al i ne,El as t i candFi br oc ar t i l age( y oudoNOTneedt oknowt hef or mat i on/ gr owt h/ r epai ri nf o) ” -Thr eet ypes:hyal i ne,el ast i c,andfibr ocar t i l age -Locat i onsi ncl ude: •Hy al i necar t i l age:component sofupperr espi r at or yt r act( t r achea) ,ar t i cul arendsandepi phy sealpl at esofl ong bones( mostal lj oi nt s) ,andf et al skel et on •El ast i ccar t i l age:al l aspect soft heear( ext er nalear ,ext er nalacoust i cmeat us ,audi t or yt ube)&epi gl ot t i s •Fi br ocar t i l age:i nt er v er t ebr aldi scs,pubi csymphysi s ,andmeni scus -Per i chondr i um:denseCTt hatbor der sedgeofcar t i l age;i nt er f acebet weencar t i l ageandt i ssuei tbor der s •Pr esenti nhyal i neandel ast i ccar t i l ageonl y -Ext r acel l ul armat r i x :most l ycol l agenorel ast i n;i nt er wov enwi t hpr ot eogl y cansandgl y cosami nogl y cans( GAGs) •Col l ageni ncar t i l agepr ovi dest ensi l est r engt handdur abi l i t y •Pr ot eogl y canshel pwi t hr i gi dness Hy al i necar t i l age -ECM compr i sedofTy peI ICol l agenandaggr ecan( pr ot eogl ycan) -Maj orcel l sar echondr ocyt es( embeddedi nt hemat r i x)andchondr obl ast s( l ocat edal ongsi det heedge) -Chondr ocyt escanbear r angedi ni sogeni cgr oupsorbyt hemsel ves -Per i chondr i um pr esentev er ywher eexceptatepi physesandar t i cul arcar t i l age

•Ess ent i al f orgr owt handmai nt enance -Mai nf unct i onsi nv ol vepr ovi di ngsmoot h,l owf r i ct i onsur f acesi nj oi nt s&st r uct ur alsuppor tf orr espi r at or yt r act -St r uct ur eofmat r i xandcel l s •40% TypeI Icol l agen •Aggr ecan( pr ot eogl y can)bi ndscol l agenfiber st oget her -Hasr oughl y150GAG si dechai nsconsi st i ngofc hondr oi t i nsul f at eandk er at i nsul f at e -Chondr onect i nhassi mi l arf unct i ont oaggr ecan •Basophi l i ci nnat ur e •Per i chondr i um i spr es ent ,cont ai nsmor ecel l sandfiber st hancar t i l agi nouspor t i on notatepi physi s •Chondr ocyt esr esi dei nl ac unaei nt hemat r i x -Ter r i t or i al mat r i xbor der i ngeachcel l( l i ght er )vsi nt er t er r i t or i al mat r i xb/ wchondr ocyt es( dar k er ) -Ost eoar t hr i t i scausedbyagi ngi sduet ol ossofcol l agenfiberatfir s t ,t henaggr ecanf ol l ows •Joi ntcan’ tmov eeasi l yandsmoot hl yanymor e •LessGAGsbecauseoft hedecr easei naggr ecan;t her ef or ecol l agenfiber sar en’ tabl et obi nd El ast i ccar t i l age -ECM compr i sedofTypeI Icol l agen,aggr ecan,anddar k erel ast i cfiber s -Maj orcel l sar echondr ocyt esandchondr obl ast s( sameashy al i ne) -Chondr ocyt esar eusual l yi nsmal li sogenousgr oups( canst i l lbei sol at edt hough) -Per i chondr i um al wayspr esent -Mai nf unct i onsi nv ol vepr ovi di ngaflexi bl eshapeandsuppor tf orsof tt i ssues -Manychondr ocyt es/ l acunaeandel ast i cfiber ss eent hr oughout( not hi ngel se) •Chondr ocyt esar eci r cul arandeas yt osi ngl eoutf r om ot hert i ssuet ype( i . e.densei r r egul arCTw/flatfibr obl ast ) Fi br ocar t i l age( cur v ebal l ) -ECM compr i sedofTypeI Icol l agenANDTy peIcol l agen -Maj orcel l sar echondr ocyt esandfibr obl ast s( NOTchondr obl ast s) -Chondr ocyt esar ear r angedaxi al l y( l i near l y)andar ev er yeasyt oi dent i f y -Per i chondr i um i snotpr es enther e( onl ycar t i l agewher et hi si st hecase) -Mai nf unct i onsi nv ol vepr ovi di ngcus hi oni ng,t ensi l est r engt h,andr esi st ancet ot ear i ngandcompr essi on

Chapt er8:Bone “ Bonec el l s ,Bonemat r i x ,Per i os t eum/ Endos t eum,Ty pesofBone,Met abol i cRol e( agai ny oudoNOT needt ok nowaboutos t eogenes i s / gr owt h/ r emodel i ng/ r epai rorJ oi nt s ) . ” -Funct i ons •St r uct ur e,pr ot ect i on( ofvi t alor gans) ,bl oodpr oduct i on( vi abonemar r ow) ,i onr eser v oi r( Ca2+,PO43-,K+) -Component s -BoneMat r i x •50% i nor gani c:mostt hi ngsher ear eCal ci umsal t s -Cal ci um hydr oxy apat i t ei smostabundant ;ot her si ncl udebi car bonat e,ci t r at e,Mg+,K+,Na+ •50% or gani c:pr ot ei ns;90% oft hesemadeupofcol l agenTypeI&mi xofpr ot eogl ycans(  ost eonect i n) -Pr ot ei nsi ncl udeCa2+bi ndi ngpr ot ei ns •Mosthi st ol ogysl i deswes eear edecal ci fiedsoweonl yseecol l agenandpr ot ei ns -Ost eobl as t s :edgeofbonemat r i x( nearmesenchyme[ embr y o]orbonemar r ow[ adul t ] ) •Rounded;begi nt of or m ost eoi d/ bonemat r i x •Secr et emat r i xvesi cl esandcol l agenfiber s -Ca2+ i onsbegi nt omi ner al i z ear oundt hevesi cl esi nt heost eoi dl ay er …t hi scont i nuesunt i lt he l ayerbegi nst omesht oget herandt hefinal pr oducti sf ul l ymi ner al i zedbone •Havepr ocesseswher eost eobl ast sandost eocyt esar ei ncont actwi t heachot her( t oseewhatt hecel l needs) •Someost eobl as t sflat t enoutt obecomebonel i ni ngcel l s… ot herunder goapopt osi s -Ost eocyt es :i nbonemat r i x •Notasmet abol i cal l yact i veasost eobl ast s; •Li v ei nl acunae,butst ayi ncont actwi t hnei ghbor i ngost eobl ast sandost eocl ast st oexchangenut r i ent s andr i dwast evi acanal i cul i -Ost eocl ast s:edgeofbonemat r i xnearost eobl as t s ,butar emuchl ar gerandmul t i nucl eat ed

•Actt or esor bbone;occur si nbonef or mat i on,boneheal i ng,andt heconst antr ewor ki ngofbone •Underhor monecont r ol •Br eakdownbonet or el easei ons( l i k eCa2+) -Aci di ficat i onbypushi ngoutpr ot onshel pst obr eakdownbone •Ov er act i v ei ni ndi vi dual swi t host eopor osi s( bonei seat enawayataf ast err at et hannor mal ) •Twopol ypept i dest obepr oducedbyanost eobl astar er equi r edt obui l danost eocl ast •RANKLandmac r ophagecol onyst i mul at i ngf act orar esecr et edbyost eobl as t s •Ost eocl ast sr esi dei nanenzymat i cal l yet c heddepr essi oncal l edar esor pt i onl acuna( Howshi p’ sl acuna) -Per i ost eum:l i nesext er nal sur f acesofbone •Lay erofconnect i vet i ssuet hatcov er sbone;cont ai nsl ot sofcol l agenfiber s •Fi br ousl ayer :ext er nal ;l esscel l s •Cel l ul arl ay er :i nt er nal ;mor ecel l sandvessel s;cont act sext er nalci r c umf er ent i all amel l ae( ECL) •Per f or at i ngfiber s( Shar pey’ sfiber s ) :connectcel l ul arl ay ert oECL -Endost eum:l i nesi nt er nalsur f acesofbone •Lay erofconnect i vet i ssuet hati si mpor t anti nnut r i entex changebet weenbl oodvessel sandbone TypesofBone -Wovenbone:newl ycal ci fied •I r r egul arandr andom ar r angementofcel l sandcol l agen( l i ght l ycal ci fied) ;i mmat ur ebone,1ºbone -Lamel l arbone:r emodel edf r om wov enbone •Par al l elbundl esofcol l ageni nt hi nl ay er sw/r egul ar l yspacedcel l sb/ w( heavi l ycal ci fied) ;mat ur ebone,2ºbone •Compactbone:80% ofal l l amel l ar ;cor t i calbone( canal sobewov enbone) •Cancel l ous( t r abec ul ar ) :20% ofal l l amel l ar ;spongybone Met abol i cr at e:Cal ci um r eser voi r -Ca2+ i si mpor t antf ort hehear tt obeat ;bonei sacal ci um r eser v oi randi saccessedunderhor monal cont r ol -Par at hyr oi dhor mone( PTH) •Act sonanost eobl ast ost eobl ast ssecr et eRANKL( bi ndst oRANKr ecept oronost eocl astpr ecur sor ) •Ost eocl astact i vi t yi snowst i mul at ed br eakdownofbone… Ca2+ i onsar er el easedandgocanwher eneeded -Cal ci t oni n( f r om t hyr oi dgl and) •Act sonost eocl ast st osl owact i vi t y( opposi t eeffectofPTH)

Chapt er10:Muscl es “ Sk el et al ( onl yOr gani z at i onofaSk el et al Mus cl e,Or gani z at i onwi t hi nMusc l eFi ber s ,andI nner v at i on) ;Car di ac, Smoot h” Skel et alMuscl e

-Mul t i nucl eat ed;nucl ei pushedt oedgesofcel l -St r i at ed -Associ at edwi t hvol unt ar ymovement -Embr y oni cdevel opmentf oral l muscl efiber s •St ar tf r om mesenchymalcel l scal l edmy obl ast s •My obl ast sf uset of or m my ot ubesandl engt hen( my ot ubescont ai nmul t i pl enucl ei ) •Di ffer ent i at et of or m st r i at edmuscl efiber s •Sat el l i t ecel l s:muscl epr ogeni t orcel l s… coul dbecomemuscl efiber sl at er -Mai nl yusedf orr egener at i on( af t eri nj ur y) -Skel et al muscl et ypi cal l yr espondst ost r ai n… wor ki ngouti ncr easemuscl efiberdi amet er hy per t r ophy -Tendont r ansi t i ont omuscl ei si nt er wovenwi t hepi mysi um… nothar dc utl i ne,butasmoot ht r ansi t i on -Tt ubul e

•For mst r i adwi t ht wot er mi nal ci st er naeonei t hersi de -Ter mi nal ci st er nae:al l owsf orr el easeofCa2+i onswhi chr esul ti ncont r act i on •Par tofsar col emmaasi ti nv agi nat esi nt ot hecel l •Act i onpot ent i al st r ansmi t t edal ongcel l membr ane •Tt ubul et r ansf eract i onpot ent i al al ongar easi nmuscl et oact ualmy ofibr i l s -Bl oodvessel si nmuscl e •Muscl esneedO2andsugar St r i at i onsi nskel et al muscl e Or gani zat i on - Sar comer e–t hest r uct ur al uni tofmuscl efiber si nsk el et alandcar di acmuscl es o ABand:dar kband,cont ai ni ngHzoneandMl i ne  ABand–act i nandmy osi n  Hzone–my osi nonl y  Ml i ne–my osi nandmy omesi n  I Band–act i nandt i t i n  Zdi sc–t i t i nonl y( c onnect i onfil ament sal s o I Band:l i ghtband,cont ai ni ngZdi sc - My ofil ament st hatmak eupeachMyofibr i l : o Thi ck( My osi n)Fi l ament s  My osi nheadsw/Act i nbi ndi ngsi t es o Thi n( Act i n)Fi l ament s  Tr oponi n  Tr opomy osi n Sk el et al :Sensor y( I nner vat i on) Muscl eSpi ndl es - Pr opr i ocept or s:sensor yr ecept or si nt hemuscl e;st r et chr ecept or si nbet weenmuscl efiber s( muscl espi ndl esal l t oget her ) - Muscl eSpi ndl es :st r et chr ecept or s,I nt r af usal Muscl eFi ber s,andacapsul e( ofmodi fiedper i my si um wi t ht hi n muscl efiber s,notasbul ky) - Sensor yAx onspenet r at et hecapsul ei nor dert ohavesomet ypeofner v et ot r ansmi tt hes ensesomewher eel se i nt hebody - WhenExt r af usalMuscl eFi ber scont r act s ,i ti sdet ect edbysensor yner v es,whi chr el ayst hei nf or mat i ont omuscl e fiber s o Ext r af usal andI nt r af usalmuscl efiber scont r actt oget her ,al l owf orcompl exr eflex esandopposi ngmuscl e gr oupact i vi t y Gol gi TendonOr gans - Easi ert oseei ndi agr amsasopposedt or eal i mage - GTO encl oses ens or yax onsandpenet r at et hecol l agenbundl esatt hemy ot endonousj unct i ons - Theycandet ectchangesi nt ensi oni nt het endoncausedbymuscl e cont r act i on… I ft het ensi onbecomesexcessi ve,i tcani nhi bi tmot or / ner ve act i vi t yandpr ot ectt het endon/ muscl ef r om damage Car di acMuscl e Basi cs( knowonesspeci fict ocar di ac) - 1020mi cr omet er si ndi amet er ,50100mi cr omet er si nl engt h o sk el et al i s100i ndi amet erandcent i met er sl ong - Hav ecent r al nucl ei( notassqui shed) - Cont ai nbr anchi ng - Ar ei nv ol unt ar y - Aut onomi cner v es - St r i at i onspr esent - Cont r act i onsar el i k es kel et almuscl e o Di ffer ence:TTubul ei sapar tofaDi ad,i nst eadofTr i ad - I nt er cal at edDi scs–uni quet ocar di acmuscl e o Joi nsmuscl ecel l st oget hervi aAdher ensandGapJ unc t i ons - Mi t ochondr i al di ffer ences o Sk el et al :el ongat ed o Car di ac:mor er ounded,nor mal shape Smoot hMuscl e

Basi cs - Foundi nbl oodvessel s,di gest i v et r act ,r espi r at or yt r act ,ut er us,andbl adder - Aut onomi c/ i nv ol unt ar y - Smal l  0. 210mi cr omet er si ndi amet er&50200mi cr omet er si nl engt h( car di ac...