Histology study guide - Lecture notes 4 PDF

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Anatomy I with Gaston Notes Chapter 4...

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HISTOLOGY Tissue: The living fabric (Epithelial, Connective) Classification of tissues o primary tissues o epithelial o nervous o connective o muscular o Differ in functions, matrix, cells Embryonic Tissues o Primary germ layers o Ectoderm o Mesoderm  mesenchyme o Endoderm Epithelial Tissue o Functions o Covering / lining epithelium o Glandular epithelium o Interfacing tissue o Characteristics o Cellularity o Specialized contacts  Desmosomes  Gap junctions  Tight junctions o Polarity  Basal surface  Microvilli  Brush border  Cilia  Basal lamina o Supported by connective tissue  Reticular lamina  Basement lamina o Avascular / innervated o Regeneration o Classification  description/ function / location o Simple epithelia  Simple Squamous  Endothelium  mesothelium  Simple Cubodial  Simple Columnar  Microvilli  Goblet cells  Pseudostratified columnar epithelium o Stratified epithelia  Stratified squamous epithelium  Epidermis  Ketatinized  Nonkeratinized  Exfoliation o Pap smear  Stratified columnar epithelia  Stratified cubodial epithelia  Transitional epithelia o Glandular epithelium  Gland  Secretion  Classification basis  Site of release  Number of cells forming gland o Unicellular o Multicellular  Ducts

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Endocrine glands  Ductless glands  Hormones  Multicellular  Exocrine glands  Ducts  Unicellular Exocrine glands  Goblet cells  Multicellular Exocrine glands  Simple  Compound  Secretory units o Tubular o Alveolar (acinar) o Tubuloalvelolar  Modes of secretion o Merocrine glands o Holocrine glands o Apocrine glands Connective Tissue  Classes o Connective tissue proper o Cartilage o Bone o Blood  Functions o Binding / support o Protection o Insulation o Transportation o Heat production o Storage o movement  Characteristics o Common origin  Mesenchyme  Wharton’s jelly o Degree of vascularity  Vascular  Poorly vascular  Avascular o Extracellular matrix  Structural elements o Ground substance  Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid) o Fibers  Collagen fiber  White fibers  Elastic fibers  Yellow fibers  Reticular fibers  Networks o Cells  Primary blast cells  Fibroblast  Chondroblast  Osteoblast  Hematopoietic stem cell  Leukocytes (WBC)  Neutrophils  lymphocytes  Macrophages  Phagocytic  Monocytes

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Plasma cells  Antibodies  Lymphocytes  Mast cells  proteases  Histamine  Heparin  Adipocytes  Connective Tissue proper o Loose connective tissue  Areolar connective tissue  Function  Description  Location  Edema  Adipose Tissue  Adipocytes  Functions  Description  Location  White fat  Brown fat  Reticular connective tissue  Function  Location  Description o Dense connective tissues  Dense regular connective (fibrosis connective) tissue  Function  Location  Description  Tendons  Aponeuroses  Ligaments  Elastic connective  Ligamenta nuchae , flava  Dense irregular connective tissue  Function  Location o Cartilage  Chondroblasts  Chondrocytes  Lacunae  Avascular  Condroitin sulfate/ hyaluronic acid  Types of Cartilage  Hyaline cartilage o Location o Amorphous o Pliability o Articular cartilage o Epiphyseal plates  Elastic cartilage o location o Elastin fibers  Fibrocartilage o Location o Bone (osseous) Tissue  Function  Osteoblast  Osteocytes  Canaliculi  Haversian canal o Blood  Formed element  Erythrocytes  Leukocytes  Thrombocytes

 Blood plasma Epithelial Membranes  Cutaneous Membrane ofunctions oKeratinized stratified squamous epithelium oDense irregular connective tissue  Mucous Membranes (Mucosae) oLayers  Epithelium  Areolar connective tissue ( lamina propria)  Smooth layer ( muscularis mucosae) oFunctions  Serous Membranes (serosa) oSerous fluid oParietal layer oVisceral layer oPleura oPericardium oPeritoneum  Synovial membrane oSynovial fluids  Hyaluronic acid Tissue Repair  Regeneration  Fibrosis oScar tissue  1. inflammation  2. organization restores blood supply o organization o granulation tissue  3. regeneration / fibrosis o scab Tissue growth  hyperplasia  hypertrophy  neoplasia o adenoma Tissue Shrinkage / Death  atrophy  necrosis  gangrene  infarction  apotosis (programmed cell death) o dissolves the webbing between fingers and toes o frees earlobes o shrinkage of uterus after pregnancy o shrinkage of breasts after lactation Diseases  Marfan’s syndrome  Osteogenesis imperfecta  Scurvy  Sarcoma  Keloid  Carcinoma  Lesion...