History 1 chapter 8 the Expansion of Europe 950-1100 PDF

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Natalie Hernandez 11-15-17 History 1 Chapter 8 The Expansion of Europe 950-1100 1. Roland’s men are ambushed and his companion, Olivier, urges him to blow his horn and call for help. But Roland refuses: he will never endanger his lord by any such dishonorable deed. 2. The West’s center of gravity had always been the Mediterranean and its adjacent lands; it was from there that influences flowed farther west and north. 3. Sprawling family histories that unfold over generations, ranging from the ruthless. 4. In Normandy, for example, the descendants of Vikings maintained alliances and kinship ties with the rest of the Norse world while at the same time intermarrying with the Franks and adopting their language. 5. The Rus’ were active raiders and traders in the Baltic region, where they came to dominate the Finns and Slavic peoples who lived along the seaboard. 6. At the time of his in 1035, Cnut ruled over Norway, much of Sweden, and England as well as his native Denmark; he had a controlling interest in large parts of Ireland and portions of the Low Countries; and he also had diplomatic and family ties to the independent principalities of Flanders and Normandy, the new kingdom of Poland, and to the imperial family of Germany. 7. To build a successful and long-lived trading empire in the Adriatic and then in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. 8. Despising him and selecting a new pope to replace him. 9. A few Carolingian institutions such as public courts and centrally minted coinage survived in new, autonomous principalities such as Anjou and Flanders. 10. On this lle de France, a tiny territory around Paris, the heirs of Charlemagne’s greatness. 11. The development of iron horseshoes and the tandem harnessing of paired teams were further innovations that enabled the transport of goods to the new markets. 12. The watermill. 13. Inherited their servile status; unlike slaves, they were attached to the lands they worked. 14. Bread and beer. 15. That rewarding initiative with further freedoms fostered still more imitative and produced more wealth. 16. That connected cities like Constantinople, Baghdad, and Cordoba to the burgeoning cities of the north. 17. They provided protection for the peasants and merchants who clustered close to its walls. 18. The rights to mint money, dispense justice, raise troops, wage war, collect taxes, and impose tolls. 19. Is a gift or a grant that creates a kind of contractual relationship between the giver and receiver. 20. A ceremony that made the vassal “the man” of his lord.

21. The sole right to collect national land tax, the right to supervise justice in royal courts, and the right to raise an army. 22. That no layman not even a king should have any influence within the church. 23. Standing for three successive days outside the gates of the castle, barefoot, stripped of his imperial trappings, clad in the sackcloth of a suppliant. 24. When a king became a vassal of the church. 25. Saint was famous for increasing the wealth of his suppliants, and for bestowing gifts. 26. Reformers demanded that secular priests share the lifestyles of monks, taking vows of personal poverty and celibacy. 27. Pope Nicholas created a new legislative body called College of Cardinals. 28. Allowing priests to marry might encourage the handling down of offices to sons, just as allowing rulers to appoint bishops encouraged these bishops to act as the rulers. 29. Gregory excommunicated many Henry’s advisers, including several of the bishops. 30. Henry used his restored powers to crush his Saxon opponents and to drive Gregory from Rome. 31. Basil married him to his sister Anna and Vladimir accepted baptism into the Orthodox Church. 32. They captured Armenia and moved swiftly into the Byzantine heartland of Anatolia. 33. Pope Urban could support another reform, a peace movement that was attempting to quell the violence unleashed by completive bands of knights and their rapacious lords. 34. He had needed a modest contingent of a few thousand troops, to help him reconquer Anatolia. What he got was a vast army of 100,000 men. 35. A warrior might attain salvation, as well as booty and glory. 36. Assaults against Jewish communities. 37. They took Jerusalem, indiscriminately slaughtering Muslim, Jewish, and Christian inhabitants. 38. Venice and Genoa. 39. Algebra and Algorithms 40. They respected and feared the civilization that brought Arabs, Persians, Turks, Egyptians, Africans, Indians, and Asians. Together in a common cultural and religious system....