History of Medical Technology PDF

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What is Medical Technology? • Also known as clinical laboratory science or laboratory medicine • Application of diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the management of health conditions Anne Fagelson • Medical technology is the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. Walters • Medical technology is the health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of good health. Ruth Heinemann • Medical technology is the application of the principles of natural, physical and biological sciences in laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. RA 5527 • PMT Act of 1969 • approved on June 21, 1969 • MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY o examination of tissues, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated o aid the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general. Medical Technology • Interdisciplinary • Trains in: • Hematology • Clinical Chemistry • Medical Microbiology • Clinical Microscopy • Immunology • Serology • General pathology Ancient Laboratory Practices (Historical Notes) Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts • 110-page long scroll • 20 meters long • Contains chapters on contraception, pregnancy, eye and skin problems, surgery, burns and intestinal diseases and parasites

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book of Ebers Papyrus: describes the treatment of hookworm disease and infection transmissible to human

Vivian Herrick • She is a medical technologist who traced the beginning of medical technology when intestinal parasite such as Taenia and Ascaris were first identified (1500 B.C.). Hippocrates – Father of Medicine • Advocated the use of mind and senses as diagnostic tools • He described four humors or body fluids in the human body • Four humors or body fluids as source of person’s disposition (frame of mind) and disease: * balance = healthy * deficit or excess = disease or disabilities o blood o phlegm o yellow bile o black bile • Four Humors and Blood Sedimentation o The four humours were based upon the observation of blood clotting o Blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour. o Four different layers can be seen. o Black bile: dark clot at the bottom o Blood: Above the clot is a layer of RBC o Phlegm: Above is a whitish layer of WBC (now called the buffy coat) o Yellow Bile: The top layer is clear yellow serum Central Hippocratic doctrine of humoral pathology • All diseases were due to the disorder of these four humors or body fluids • During this times, urine was regarded as composite of these humors • Urinalysis – oldest lab procedure • Uroscopy – medical examination of urine • Urine flask – symbol of medieval medicine • Greeks – Poured urine on ground when it attracts ants = patient diagnosed with diabetes • Hindu Doctors – Made the ‟scientific observation” that the urine of certain individuals attracted to ants – such urine have a sweetish taste. • Polyuria of diabetes was also noted (600 B.C.) • Chinese – Practiced immunization by inhaling powder made from smallpox scabs to develop immunity to the disease • Romans – Developed lab tools: forceps, scalpels,

specula, and surgical needles

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Indians – Practiced toxicology (agada tantra)

Rufus of Ephesus (50 AD) • Made the first description of hematuria • Due to inability of the kidneys to filter blood Middle Ages (500-1500 A.D.) Isaac Judeus • Jewish physician and philosopher • Kitab al Baul (Body of Urine) o Detailed concepts of urine formation, urine sediments and urine characteristics in relation to diseases • Formulated rules for the use of urine in patients’ diagnosis • One of the founders of the origins of nephrology Jerusalem Code of 1090 • Failure of physicians to examine patient’s urine was punishable by public beatings Zaccharias Janssen and his father Hans • invented microscope (1590s) • magnification was only 9x Ruth Williams • Believed that MT began from this period as supported by the fact that urinalysis was a fad. Anne Fagelson(14th Century) • Believed that MT started when a prominent Italian doctor at the University of Bologna employed Alessandra Giliani to perform different task in the lab. • ALESSANDRA GILLANI o she died due to lab acquired infection o was tasked to perform autopsy and draining of blood 15th Century • Discovery of the different dyes such as the aniline dyes used in staining microorganisms. (16th-18th Century) Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632) • Saw bacteria and classified them according to shapes • Described blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa and protozoa • Father of Microbiology Athanasius Kircher (1646) • Greatest of the early microscopists • Blood of patients with plagues contained “worms” Robert Hooke (1635-1703) • English philosopher, architect, and polymath • Published the “Micrographia” which featured illustrations of his observations using a

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) • Italian microscopist • His contributions to embryology and anatomy made him known as the “Founding father of modern Anatomic Pathology” Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644) • Introduced the gravimetric analysis (specific gravity) of urine by weighing a number of 24-hr urine specimens Richard Lower (1631-1691) • Investigated and showed that blood transfusion from one animal to another is possible Richard Lower (1631-1691) • Investigated and showed that blood transfusion from one animal to another is possible • first to differentiate arterial from venous blood Frederick Dekkers (1694) • Observed that proteins in the urine precipitated when boiled with acetic acid • Useful diagnostic indicator of proteinuria William Hewson (1739–1774) • Discovered that plasma could be separated from blood cells when blood clots • Coagulable lymph o could be precipitated from the plasma upon application of temperature higher than 50°C o Coagulable lymph = fibrinogen Matthew Dobson (1775) • A medical Doctor • Identified sugar in the blood and urine of diabetes Francis Home (1780) • A medical doctor • Developed the yeast test for sugar in diabetic urine 19th Century • Era of Public Health o Water treatment o Pasteurization of milk o Improvement of hygiene Rudolf Virchow (1847) • recognized as the father of microscopic pathology • Founder of Archives (collection of records) of Pathology in Berlin Herman von Fehling (1848) • Performed the first quantitative test for urine John Snow (1854) • studied cholera outbreak in London and

microscope

brought the situation under control

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Due to contaminated water in the Broad Street pump

Louis Pasteur (1861) • studied aerobic and anaerobic bacteria • (1867) Pasteurization at 55-60°C can prevent wine spoiling • Developed anthrax vaccine (1881) Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) • provided experimental steps (Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. • Discovered the following pathogens: o Vibrio cholerae = Cholera o Mycobacterium tuberculosis = TB o Bacillus anthracis = Anthrax

1918 •

State Legislature of Pennsylvania (1918) • required all hospital to have adequate lab and employ a full time laboratory technician World War I • Impt factor in the growth of clin lab • Created a great demand for clinical laboratory technicians • Assistants were taught to do some tests by the practicing physicians

1920 • Mid- 1800s • Laboratory tests for the ff were introduced • Tb, cholera, typhoid and diphtheria • Guys Hospital o first hospital laboratory in Britain • University of Michigan Hospital o first clinical laboratory set up in US o The History of Medical Technology in the United States 1908

1922 • • •

late 19th century • emergence of Clinical Laboratories in the US started Dr. William H. Welch • established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital Medical College (1878) • He gave the first lab course in pathology ever offered in an American Medical School • Became the 1st professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University (1885) Dr. William Osler • opened the 1st clin.lab. in 1896 at the John Hopkins Hospital • in this lab., “routine exams” was performed & special test for blood malarial parasites identification. • Clin Lab also opened at the University of Pennsylvania (William Pepper Laboratory) Dr. James C. Todd • Wrote “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods” o Edited by John Bernard Henrys and retitled as Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods” o The book was retitled CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS BY LABORATORY METHODS in its 19th Edition • fundamental source in the practice of lab medicine

John Kolmer published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians

administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physician

ASCP was founded. encourage cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists established code of ethics for technicians and technologists o these people should work under the supervision of the physician o refrain from making oral or written diagnosis o advising physicians on how patients should be treated

American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science • formerly ASMT (American Society of Medical Technology), a subgroup of ASCP • recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals 1923 •

• 1936 • 1950 •

University of Minnesota, issued a course bulletin entitled “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” 1st to offer a degree level program in 1923

The American Board of Pathology was established medtech in US sought professional recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws

World War II marked a great effect on Laboratory Medicine • RESULT: development of : • use of blood for transfusion = closed system blood collection • instrumentation was advanced • automation in the laboratory...