Principles of Medical Technology 1 - Chapter 1 History of Medical Technology Profession PDF

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PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 History of Medical Technology Profession Medical Technology - Clinical laboratory science/Medical Laboratory Science - Collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and lab analysis of sample of human biological material - Deals with the diagnostic of therapeutic applause and science technology History of Medical Science & Practice of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine Stone Age Belief of unknown – > foundation of superstition Disease – > work of evil spirits Treatment – > Prayers and rituals Febrile Condition – > purgation, sweating, blood donation and diet restriction Iron Age Hippocrates (460 BC – 370 BC) salsas> father of medicine two- Hippocratic Oath sap- Four “humors” of body fluids in man sasasasa1. Blood 3. Yellow bile 2. Phlegm 4. Black bile Galen - discovers diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” - Greek physician - practice medicine under aristholean philosophy – Dissector ~ human and animan anaytomy Middle Age - Urinalysis are practiced - Herbal medicine – > widely used therapeutic benefits were not scientifically proven - School of Salermo – > first school that organize medical school in Europe - Acupuncture – > China’s most effective means of treatment - Arabic Science – > Field optic that lead to specialization in the treatment of eye disease. Kristianne Loren Horeerat

Era of Scientific and Industrial Revolution - Scientific Revolution - Major era of transition - Modern science - Scientific method – > logical reasoning, experimental observation, and rational indirective - Industrial revolution - Mechanical devices 18th Century - Improvement of Medical Education - Schools were found in Vienna, Edinbugh and Giagow. - Age of enlightment 19th Century - Spirometer - Sphygmomanometer - Creation of industrial research laboratory Vivian Herrick - Traces the beginning of Medical Technology back to 1550 BC - Taenia (tapeworm) and ascaris (roundworm) were mentioned in early - Ebers Papyrushave descriptions of three stages of hookworms infections. Ruth Williams - Introduction of Medical Technology (1406-1438) - Urinalysis was a fad during the medivial period - Urinalysis (the oldest lab procedure) - Hindu doctor - Urine attracted ants and has a sweetish taste Anna Fagelson - Believed that the medical technology begin in the 14th century - Allessandra Giliani by Mondino de Liuzzi to perform tasks how under the domain of the Medical Technology Profession - Died from a laboratory acquired infection Page 1

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 Karl Landsteiner (1900) - Note of having first distinguished the ABO blood group system - Blood typing Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - Father of Microbiology - Invented the compound microscope - First one to describe protozoa - First to see bacteria according to shape Marcelo Malphigi (1628-1694) - The “Greatest of the Early microsopists” - Works in embryology and anatomy definitely marks him as the “Father of Pathology” - Discovered the capilliarisis Edward Jenner (1798) - Cross-immunity of smallpox and cowpox Dr. William Occam - Searched and found answer to the diagnosis of his patients by several means - Investigation in a laboratory Baron Karl Wilhelm Von Humboldt (1815) - Through his leadership medicine brought itself brought itself in a complete revolution - Anatomical, pathology, and bacteriology Jules Dubosqo (1854) - Developed the first visual colorimeter based on Beer’s Law - Introduced the Clinical Laboratory Rudolf Virchow (1902) - One of the youngest of the medical specialist - Founded the archives of pathology in Berlin in 1847 Production of aniline dye at 19th century, it become possible to stain bacteria and then to study them under the microscope. Pioneer of antiseptic Joseph Lister (1827-1912) – father of modern Surgery Kristianne Loren Horeerat

Hermann Fehling (1847-1925) – performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar Louis Pasteur (1880-1882) – first attenuated vaccine develops anthrax vaccine or develop rabies vaccine Emil von Behring (1890) – serum anti-toxins Wilhelm Conrad Ronigen (1895) – discovered medical used of x-ray in medical imaging. Breakthrough in Medical Technology that allowed physicians that allowed physicians to examine body parts Stethoscope (1816) – first diagnostic medical breakthrough invented by Rene Laennec; used to acquire information about the lungs and the heartbeats. Microscope (1840) – developed for medical purposes due to advances in lenses and lower costs; the first practical microscope was devised by Anton van Leewenhoek Ophthalmoscope (1850) – first visual technology invented by Hermann von Helmholz Laryngoscope (1855) – device by Manuel Garcia using two mirrors to observe the throat and larynx. X-ray (1859) – invented by Wilhelm Roentgen when he discovered by accident that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low density; allowed physicians to view the inside of the body without surgery; used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis since World War II. Electrocardiograph (1903) – developed by William Einthoven to measure electrical charges during the beating of the heart. Kenny Method (1910) – served as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy; devised by Elizabeth Kenny in the treatment of polio (then called infantile paralysis) using hot packs and muscle manipulation; prompted the invention of a new stretcher (called Sylvia stretcher in 1927) intended or transporting patients in shock

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PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 Drinker respirator (1927) – invented by Philip Drinker to help patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal respiration with the assistance of artificial respirator Heart-lung machine (1939) – first visual technology invented by Hermann von Helmholz Cardiac catheterization and Angiography (1941) – first operated by Forsmann in 1929; developed by Moniz Reboul, Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940, discovered as safe method in humans by Cournand in 1941; made seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves possible through inserting a cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for Xray visualization. Electron microscope – gave way to the visualization of small cells including tumor cells. Tomography & Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – adaption of computer in medical researches. History of Medical Technology in the United States It was in the United States of America that this science was highly developed to a very great extent due to its financial capabilities, manpower, and interest is more emphasized to cope up in the modern world. Dr. Silas Douglas - Started in the first laboratory instruction - University of Michigan – first chemical laboratory in the USA. - Became the largest and the best equipped chemical laboratory opened to students. Dr. William H. Welch - The Father of American Pathology - Set-up the first pathology laboratory in America at Bellevue Hospital in 1878

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First profession of Pathology at Johns Hopkins University John Scott Burdon-Sanderson (1887) - Concluded that the use of Laboratory methods in Clinical Medicine elucidates pathological problems. Dr. William Osler - In 1986, first laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital - Routine examination were carried out, special attention being given to the search for material parasite in the blood. - A clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1886 (William Pepper Laboratory) Dr. Simon Flexner - First pathologist of John Hopkins Hospital - In 1900 census, 100 technicians. All male were employed in the United States. This increase to 3500 in 1920 where in roughly 60% was females. Two years later, 3035 hospitals had clinical laboratories. Dr. James C. Todd - In 1908, wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” - The standard reference for laboratories. World War I (1914-1918) - An important factor in the fact of Clinical Laboratory with a demand for medical personnel in the military as well as civilian hospitals.  State of Pennsylvania (1915) - Passed a law that requires all hospitals be equipped with adequate laboratories employing trained technicians.  University of Minnesota (1923) - One of the first schools for training workers.

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PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” - First to offer a degree level program believed to be in 1923.  In 1923, the American Society of Clinical Pathologist (ASCP) was organized  In 1936, American Board of Pathology  In 1939, the American Medical Technologies (AMT) was formed World War II (1939-1945)  Marked effect on laboratory medicine; the use of blood increases and the “closed system” of blood was widely adapted.  Instrumentation was advanced, with these instruments, the measurements of the intensity of color production, dozens of new chemical test become possible.

~ Most developed health-related field. American Regime  1908 - University of the Philippines ~ College of Agriculture in Los Banos - Bureau of Science ~ Principal government research laboratory and training institutions for future scientist ~ Top foci research includes cholera, tuberculosis, leprosy, dengue fever, beriberi, diphtheria and amoebic dysentery World War II (Era of post-war to 1972) - Health was given the highest priority by the government. - DOH was recognized. - National health problem: schistomiasis, malaria, malnutrition

History of Medical Technologists in the Philippines Spanish Colonial  1578 - San Lazaro was established to cure leprosy  1596 - Hospitals de San Juan de Dios was the first laboratory in the Philippines.  1641 - Hospitals de San Jose in Cavite  1887 - Established the “Laboratorio Municipal de Manila” by government to analyse water and food on clinical specimens - Now the Bureau of Science ~ Engaged in Pathological Studies of Infectious diseases - Epidemics infectious diseases ~ Chlore, plague, smallpox, dysentery and typhoid - Medicine and Pharmacy

Martial Law - Tertiary hospitals were established: ~ Philippine Heart Center ~ Lung Center of the Philippines ~ National Kidney and Transplant Institution - Primary Health Care System was adapted ~ Emphasized the importance of primitive and preventive care. - Aquino Administration passed healthrelated laws such as: ~ The Maternal Code ~ The Milk Code ~ The Generics Law (RA 6695) a.k.a Genetics Act of 1988 ~ The Magna Carta of Public Health Workers (RA 7305) ~ The Organ Donation Act of 1991 (RA 7719)

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PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 -

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Ramos Administration ~ Executive Order No. 29: The Philippine National AIDS Council as The National Policy and advisory body on control and prevention of HIV-AIDS ~ The National Blood Services Act od 1944 (RA 7719) Medical technology was introduced by the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army First clinical laboratory in the Philippines at Quiricada St. Sta. Cruz Manila where Manila Public Health Laboratory is presently located. June 1943 ~ US Army left and endorsed in the clinical laboratory to National Department of Health ~ The laboratory rendered non-functional for sometime. February 1944 ~ The laboratory offered training programs to high school graduates.

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October 1, 1945 > Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Sta. Ana ~ Training of high school graduates as medical technicians ~ No period of training. ~ No certificate 1954 >Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana ~ Prepared syllabus for training program ~ 6 months laboratory training ~ Certificate is given 1953 >Willia Hilgert Hendrick founded the Medical Technology course in the Philippines

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1954 >Philippine Union College ~ Now known as the Adventist University of the Philippines ~ Offered the first four-year course BS Degree in Medical Technology with Manila Sanitarium Hospital (Manila Adventist Medical Center) 1956 >Jesse Umali ~ PUC first medical technology Graduate ~ OB-Gyne practicioner (Studied Doctor of Medicine) ~ was an owner of Omega Laboratories 1957 >University of Santo Thomas ~ Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes offered Medical Technology as an elective to 4th and 5th students of Pharmacy June 17, 1957 (UST) >Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to ofer it as course June 1960 (UST) >A temporary permit was issued by the Department of Education June 14, 1961 (UST) >Full recognition of the 4 th BS Medical Technology course 1960 >Cento Escolar University ~ Mrs. Purification Sunico-Suaco was granted by the university president Carmen de Luna ~ Their first graduates were in 1962 1961 >Far Eastern University Page 5

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 ~ Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano ~ It produces its irst graduates in 1963 Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Laboratory Anton Van Leeuwehenhoek (1960) - The father of Microbiology - Known for his work on the improvement of the microscope Edward Jenner (1796) - Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to small pox - Impact of contribution: Immunology Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1880) - Identified organs by their types of tissues - Impact of contribution: Histology Louis Pastuer(1857) - Successfully produced immunity to rabies Gregor Mendel (1966) - Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants Joseph Lister (1870) - Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms. Robert Koch (1877) - Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax) and later tubercle bacilli Elie Metchnikoff (1886) - Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection Ernst von Bergmann (1886) - Introduced steam sterilization in surgery Karl Landsteiner (1902) - Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO Blood group system. August von Wassermann (1906) - Developed immunologic test for syphilis Howard Ricketts (1906)

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Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae Hans Fischer (1929) - Worked out the structure of hemogloblin Jonas Salk (1954) - Developed poliomyelitis vaccine James Westguard (1973) - Introduced the Westguard Rules for quality control in Clinical Laboratory Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980) - Introduced Hepatitis B vaccine Kary Mullis (1985) - Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Andre van Steirteghem (1992) - Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF) James Thomson (1998) - Derived the first human Stem Cell Line Shelf-life of blood  Open System – 24 hours  ACD – 21 days  CPDA – 35 days  SAGM – 42 days National Reference Lab – confirms the positive screening test. San Lazaro – HIV test East Ave. Hospital – Drug test

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