Hobbes Leviathan 16-17 study guide PDF

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PHL 111 Philosophical Ideas: Law Dr. Kevin Graham, Instructor Study Guide Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Chapters XVI-XVII Name ____________________________________________________________ Date ____________________________ 1. How does Hobbes define “person” on p. 101? What is a natural person? What is an artificial person? Explain. 

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A person is he whose words or actions are considered either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction. When they are considered as his own, then he is called a natural person. Artificial person o When some have their words and actions owned by those whom they represent o And then the person is the actor, and he who owns his words and actions is the author

2. How does Hobbes define “actor” and “author” on pp. 101-102? Explain.  

Actor o Person who has their words and actions owned by whom they represent Author o The person that owns his words and actions

3. According to Hobbes on p. 104, how is it possible to make a multitude of men into one person? Explain.  When they are by one man, one person, represented so that it be done with the consent of every one of that multitude in particular  For it is the unity of the representer, not the unity of the represented, that makes the person one

4. If a group of men represents a multitude of men, why must the majority of the group be taken to speak for the entire multitude? Explain.  The majority must be taken because it’s a proper representation of the group size 

5. According to Hobbes on p. 106, what is the desire that motivates men to create a commonwealth? Explain. The desire that motivates men to create a commonwealth is to seek protection for their own lives and those of their family members in order to have a better life

6. What six reasons does Hobbes offer on pp. 108-109 for rejecting Aristotle’s claim that men are by nature political animals who are naturally capable of living sociably together? Explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Men are continually in competition for honor and dignity Prefer common good over private good Do not see any fault in the administration of their common business (form of governing) The concept of representation (when to tell others what is right and what is wrong) Creatures cannot distinguish between injury and damage, as long as they are fine, man however has empathy The agreement of creatures is natural, that of men is by covenant

7. According to Hobbes on p. 109, what is the only way that men can create a commonwealth that will enable them to fulfill their desires? Explain. The people within the commonwealth must confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon an assembly of men, that may reduce all of their wills into one will.

8. According to Hobbes on pp. 109-110, how is a commonwealth by acquisition created? How is a commonwealth by institution created? Explain. Commonwealth by acquisition: as by war or when a person makes his or her children be part of their government Commonwealth by institution: when people come together and agree to submit to one man or assembly of men...