HOD 1250 EXAM 1 - Study guide for first Exam in HOD 1250 w professor Nolan. Even if you don\'t PDF

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Study guide for first Exam in HOD 1250 w professor Nolan. Even if you don't have the same professor they tend to teach the same material across all HOD 1250 so you will find helpful information here. ...

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1 HOD 1250 EXAM 1 (INNES CHAPTERS 1-6) Major Concepts on your Exam: - Emerging Adulthood - Positive Psychology/PERMA/Meaningfulness/Flow - Erikson’s Stages - Brain development/ physiological responses - Evolutionary psychology/ biological predispositions - Mindfulness & Radical Acceptance - Philosophers & their theories - Types of “Self” - Suffering & Emotion - BG’s Internal Working Model (IWM) People you should know: - Robert Sapolsky o Studied damaging effects of social stress on our psychological and physical health o The stress of everyday social life is killing us o Gated community baboons o Our advantages free us to obsess about our dissatisfaction with our family and friends and what other people think of us - Sigmund Freud - Erik Erikson o 8 stages - Arnett o Emerging adulthood: new developmental period stretching from late adolescence until about age 30 (18-29) o Emerged in response to cultural and economic forces o Relative independence from social roles and from normative expectation o Three types of identity issues: love, work, worldviews - Christian Smith o Large national study that followed subjects over an 8 year period from adolescence through their late 20’s o Connected mass consumerism, depersonalized sexual relationships, and our celebrity culture with the breakdown in moral reasoning and religious faith among emerging adults - Seligman and Mihaly o Positive psychology movement o Understanding and enhancing positive psychological health o Defined positive psychology: at the subjective level is about valued subjective experience: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present)” o Goal was to increase the knowledge of what makes life worth living o PERMA

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Carol Dweck o set --- growth o changing your worldview if it isn’t working for you o fundamental way of changing your perspective on life is to reset your mindset from a set mindset to a growth mindset o growth mindset- basic qualities are things you can cultivate through your efforts o persistence and practicing to develop mastery are the most important characteristics of people that develop high levels of excellence o self talk- continually reframe your thinking from a set mindset to a growth mindset o set mindset- the appearance of being successful becomes your primary goal and the fear of failure creates an intense aversion to taking risks requires to learn and grow Stanley Hall o discovered adolescence o described it as a time of “storm and stress” filled with emotional upheaval, sorrow and rebelliousness Brene Brown o Feelings of shame, doubt, fear, and vulnerability lead most young adults to conclude that they are fundamentally inadequate o We try to be ourselves within a culture that pressures us to fit in o Most of us think we are the only ones who are overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy o Trap of perfectionism o The fulfilling life is wholehearted living, engaging in our lives from a place of worthiness o Foundation for whole hearted living: courage compassion and connection Tatiana Schnell Brian Griffith (IWM) o Developed graphic interpretation of the internal working model that provides a template for the personal development process o First element: your beliefs about the self, others, and the world  Operate on the pre-conscious level  Bring these beliefs into conscious awareness and allow yourself to think about your mental models rather than just with them o Second element: goals, needs, and desires you have about your physical well being, personal competence, relational closeness, and self transcendence. o Third element: strategies we develop to achieve and maintain our life goals and to minimize the barriers that may be blocking our paths.

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General areas of personal strategies: managing emotions, managing interpersonal relationships, developing effective problem solving skills.

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Erikson’s Stages 1. Trust versus Mistrust a. Age 0-1 b. Can I trust the world and the people in it? 2. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt a. Age 1-3 b. Is it okay to be me? 3. Initiative versus Guilt a. Ages 3-6 b. Is it okay for me to do, move, and act? 4. Industry versus Inferiority a. Ages 6-11 b. Can I make it in the world? 5. Identity versus Role Confusion a. Ages 13-18

4 b. Who am I and what can I be? 6. Intimacy versus Isolation a. 20’s and 30’s b. Can I love? 7. Generativity versus Self-Absorbtion a. Ages 40-65 b. Can I make my life count? 8. Integrity versus Despair a. Ages 65+ b. Is it okay to have been me? Questions to know: 1. According to Arnett, emerging adulthood encompasses the period between what ages? a. 18 and 29 2. According to Achor, happiness is not determined by what factors? a. External 3. These outline the core values underlying goals and practices: a. Mission statements 4. The body goes into this state when there is a perceived threat a. Fight, flight, or fright (freeze) 5. Innes describes these types of people as orchid learners a. High reactivity 6. According to Freud, the ability to do these two things signifies healthy adulthood: a. Love and work well 7. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi coined this term to describe being “in the zone” a. Flow 8. The identity associated with the here and now a. The “I-self” 9. This part of the brain enables higher-order thinking a. Prefrontal cortex 10. What religions have literature that centers on mindfulness? a. Hinduism and Buddhism 11. Brene Brown believes this word refers to people who live with a deep sense of worthiness a. Wholehearted 12. The E and R in Seligman’s acronym PERMA stand for these words: a. Engagement and Relationships 13. Multiple choice exams are an example of this philosophical concept in action a. Ockham’s razor 14. This person is known for having significant personality changes after being struck by an iron rod through the prefrontal cortex a. Phineas Gage 15. These learners have the predisposition to “shut down” in stressful situations: a. Low-reactivity or dandelion learners

5 16. Erikson identified ages 40-65 as being in this stage of psychological development a. generativity versus stagnation 17. The sense that life is meaningful and has purpose versus feeling/the pleasant life a. Eudaimonic versus hedonic 18. This person explores the topic of existential indifference a. Tatiana Schnell 19. This calms the body after fight, flight, or fright a. The parasympathetic nervous system 20. These are the 3 forms of group structures a. Agnostic of dominance structure, attention structure, leadership structure Study Guides:

Lecture 1 Study Guide Innes: Chapter 1 Arnett: Presidential Address Marantz Henig: 20-Somethings What do trust fund rats and gated community baboons have in common? * - “worker rats who must expend effort for their Froot Loops, develop greater resilience and self efficacy than trust fund rats that have their Froot Loops handed to them - Gated community baboons for which minimal work is required to survive, tend to develop greater dissatisfaction with their relationship than their worker counterparts Jeffrey Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood Age range: late adolescence until 30 (18-29) Key areas of focus/challenge: three important key issues - love: social, intimate, and sexual relationships - work: educational success and fulfilling career - worldviews: ability to navigate an increasingly diverse collection of cultural environments The 5 milestones of transition to adulthood and the changing timetable - completing school - leaving home - becoming financially independent - marrying - having a child How does Arnett’s theory depart from earlier definitions of young adulthood? - freedom from “social roles and normative expectations” - freedom from personal exploration - period of tremendous instability

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Theorists/Authors/Researchers: How does each contribute to our current perception of “emerging” adulthood? Kelly Lambert - observed trust fund rats - studied effects of effort-driven rewards Robert Sapolsky - observed the gated community baboons - studied social stress Sigmund Freud - healthy adulthood is the ability to love and work well - Oral (the mouth- sucking, swallowing, etc), Anal (the anus- withholding or expelling feces), Phallic (the penis or clitoris- masturbation), Latent (little or no sexual motivation present), Genital (the penis or vagina- sexual intercourse) - In oral, ego develops - In phallic, superego develops G. Stanley Hall - discovered adolescence - described it as a time of “storm and stress” filled with emotional upheaval, sorrow and rebelliousness Erik Erikson - 8 stages - psycho social crisis depending on what age you are Christian Smith - HATER - Innes describes detractors of the emerging adulthood theory, asserting that this cohort’s moral and spiritual demise are connected to: o A society that promotes endless consumption o A culture of depersonalized sex o A celebrity obsessed era Richard Lerner - HATER - the core idea of classical stage theory is that all people- “underscore all” pass through a series of qualitatively different periods in an invariant and universal sequence in stages Brene’ Brown - APPRECIATOR - Research on young adults has revealed that most young adults struggle with feelings of o Shame o Doubt

7 o Fear o Vulnerability - In combination, leads to feelings of inadequacy - Those who allow themselves to be seen have a strong sense of worthiness (love and belonging) - People who live in this deep sense of worthiness are wholehearted - The wholehearted have courage, the ability to tell the story of themselves with their whole heart - They treat themselves with kindness, which is a prerequisite of treating others with kindness - Possess courage to be imperfect - Possess connection as a result of authenticity - Fully embrace vulnerability because what makes us vulnerable makes us beautiful Carol Dweck - set --- growth - changing your worldview if it isn’t working for you - fundamental way of changing your perspective on life is to reset your mindset from a set mindset to a growth mindset - growth mindset- basic qualities are things you can cultivate through your efforts - persistence and practicing to develop mastery are the most important characteristics of people that develop high levels of excellence - self talk- continually reframe your thinking from a set mindset to a growth mindset - set mindset- the appearance of being successful becomes your primary goal and the fear of failure creates an intense aversion to taking risks requires to learn and grow Giedd (NIMH) - did a study that showed children’s brains were not fully mature until at least 25 - most significant changes took place in prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, involved in emotional control and higher-order cognitive function

Lecture 2 Study Guide Innes: Chapter 2 Describe Martin Seligman’s PERMA acronym for describing the fulfilling life. - Positive Emotions - Engagement - Relationships - Meaning - Accomplishment - Developed a model for describing and guiding our paths from rumination, worry, and anxiety towards being, contentment, and satisfaction; hope and optimism; and flow and happiness - Focuses on recognizing strengths and developing positive skills and habits

8 - Five areas that define a fulfilling life How and why does Innes reorder/edit Seligman’s acronym? - Meaning - Engagement - Relationships - Accomplishment - (H) Establish and maintain a lifetime health and fitness program - Positive Emotions - Rearranges them in their order of Importance - Primary problem with model and perhaps culture is the tendency to define happiness solely in terms of the first area on his list, positive emotions - Organized according to the areas he feels are the cornerstones for achieving lifelong development and personal fulfillment - Steps cannot be completed in order, progress in each area reinforces growth in all the other areas Define Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of flow. - known as the zone - mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity What are Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi’s basic foci for positive psychology? - positive psychology is a departure from traditional psychological study in that its focus is on increasing/enhancing valued subjective experiences - Past: well-being, contentment and satisfaction - Present: flow and happiness - Future: optimism and happiness What does Wim de Muijnck say about meaning in your own words? (This is a bit tricky, we’ll discuss in lecture.) - the things, including people, and places and events around us are important to our sense of meaning - For young children, who cannot yet reflect on their lives’ meaning, positive emotions, engagement, and accomplishment, meaning, or significance, can be found through the people, places and objects around them - If you are engaged in life, what are you engaged with/ what is important to you - A work of art- we may be moved by it, but others are not and we cant explain why According to Shawn Achor, what is the key factor in determining an individual’s happiness? * - 90% of your happiness is determined by not your external world, but how you process your world What did Christakis, Fowler and Fry conclude about the role of genetic predisposition in determining life satisfaction? What other factors play a role in that according to Christakis and colleagues? - 33% of variation in life satisfaction can be explained by genetic predisposition - it is not the genes themselves that determine our affective state, it is how our genes are expressed through complex set or biological processes

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distinction between genotype and phenotype genotype is your genetic code, phenotype is how your code is expressed your life satisfaction is actually the product of an interaction between your genotype, life circumstances and biological processes What did Baumeister et al. conclude about the connections between meaningfulness, engagement and happiness? - strong connection between meaningfulness and engagement - serious involvements with things beyond oneself and ones pleasures promotes meaningfulness, often to the detriment of happiness - happiness and meaningfulness are difference and pursuing happiness is not the only goal people have in life - spending time with loved ones was strongly related to meaning, but not to happiness - activities that “reflect me” were strongly associated with meaning - happiness as a largely affective state is natural while meaning is connected to who we are - strong connection between meaningfulness and engagement - variable strongly associated with both happiness and meaningfulness was the level of social connection to other people Fredrickson’s 2 types of well-being - eudiamonic: the sense that life is meaningful and has purpose - hedonic: feeling good/the pleasant life - higher levels of eudiamonic well-being stimulate physiological immune responses which offset stress, better than higher levels of hedonic well-being What do Sheldon and Lubomirsky say is required to sustain improvements in life satisfaction over long periods of time? - three factors that influence a persons general sense of happiness o the genetically determined set point o the effect of positive and negative life events o activities and practices designed to increase happiness - focus on activities that sustain this change over the long term - we can only sustain a change in life satisfaction if we sustain the activities that support positive attitudes - sustaining supportive activities o activity should fit our ongoing interests and our self-constructed identities and help meet the needs that are most important to us  behavioral  work out everyday  cognitive  using meaningfulness practices to live in the here and now  volitional  get better organized

10 What are some of the criticisms of the positive psychology studies discussed in chapter 2 of Innes’ text? *: Not covered in reading – will be discussed in lecture

Lecture 3 Innes Chapters 3 & 4 Chapter 3 Note: I will not expect you to memorize lots of specific details about each of the philosophers described in chapter 3, however, you should be able to: 1. Recognize their central points in multiple choice questions, and 2. identify the 4 with whom you resonate the most and explain why in an essay question. 1. Lao Tzu (water is the last thing a fish notices) a. Contexts of your culture b. Effects of our culture go largely unnoticed 2. Foucault (life as a work of art) a. Your life is a work of art, it is a unique creation and is being created 3. Camus (suicide as fundamental philosophical question) a. We are challenged to find meaning in an absurd world that is both godless and devoid of meaning b. Once we have decided to live, then we must attempt to find meaning in the absurdity c. When you realize that you exist within a largely absurd world, you have to decide why you shouldn’t commit suicide d. Cautioned against looking for meaning outside of ourselves 4. Nietzche (god is dead) a. God is increasingly irrelevant to 19th c values b. Key tenet: organized religion vs. spirituality 5. Hegel (its all about reason) a. Absolute knowledge/essential truths is/are attainable the ongoing process of dialectical synthesis of theses and antitheses b. Tremendous faith in the state and human civilization 6. Kierkegaard (the father of existentialism) (who is also aware of the tremendous risk involved in faith- this is subjectivity at its height) a. We construct our own realities and self images and are free to do so with or without religion (most existentialists go without) b. Our own personal experiences/experiential reality trump essence (essence/essential truth is what you would eventually get to if you kept on with the dialectical work according to Hegel) 7. Leibniz (we live in the best of all possible worlds) a. It’s the best of all possible worlds because God made it

11 b. Reason can be found for everything that exists c. That’s not to say that this is as good as it get 8. Bishop George Berkeley (to be is to be perceived) a. Idealism: nothing exists outside of human ideas b. Idealism: existence of a universal ideal c. God is in the mix by Berkeley’s theory but not to all idealists 9. Rene Descartes (I think therefore I am) a. Our existence is justified by our ability to contemplate it b. The life unexamined is not worth living 10. Hobbes (Life sucks and then you die) a. Perception of life as “solitary poor nasty brutish and short” b. Without the social contract we would devolve into chaotic savagery c. Human nature is essentially evil d. Society destroys our good nature 11. William of Ockham “Ockham’s Razor” (entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily) a. The simplest explanation is always the best b. Multiple choice exams 12. Socrates (The unexamined life is not worth living) a. Search for meaning and purpose as emerging adults b. Know thyself 4 Categories of Meaningfulness 1. Achievement/ Work 2. Relationship/ Intimacy 3. Religion/ Spirituality 4. Self Transcendence/ Generativity 4 Categories of Transcendence 1. Self transcendence: looking beyond your immediate needs/ desires 2. Self actualization: building on your identified capacities, employing, challenging, and fostering one’s capacities 3. Order: conducting yourself in congruence with your values, practicality, decency and your data for what works 4. Well being and relatedness: finding joy alone and with others Definition of Worldview and how this concept relates to B.G.’s internal working model - a more or less coherent system of general understandings about how human beings, society, and the world at large exist and function Tatiana Schnell’s work on meaningfulness: - meaningfulness is a fundamental sense of meaning, based in an appraisal of one’s life as coherent, significant, directed, and belonging - personally fulfilling goals that are incorporated into an individuals self system How does she describe a fundamental sense of meaning?

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Worldview? a ...