Exam 1 Study Guide - Professor Jason Higa PDF

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Exam 1 Study Guide Wednesday, September 19, 2018

9:18 PM

Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology -

Anatomy is the study of internal/external structures and the relationships Physiology is the study of how living organisms function 11 organ systems: cardiovascular, integumentary, endocrine, urinary, ner Supine: lying down face up Prone: lying face down Physiological systems preserve homeostasis through homeostatic regulat Autoregulation: when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its act Extrinsic Regulation: results from the activities of the nervous system or e Negative Feedback: corrective mechanism involving an action that direct Positive Feedback: initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates

Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization -

Atoms are the basic particles of matter Mass Number: protons + neutrons Isotopes: atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different num Molecule: any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by co Compound: chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more eleme Ionic bonds result from attraction between ions (atoms that have gained/ Cations are positively charged, anions are negatively charged Molecular Weight: sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms Chemical reaction is classified as a decomposition, synthesis, or an excha Cells gain energy to power functions by catabolism (breakdown of compl Enzymes are catalysts

among body parts vous, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive

on vities automatically in response to some environmental change ndocrine system y opposes a variation from normal limits r enhances the change in the original conditions creating a positive feedback loop

bers of neutrons valent bonds nts in a fixed proportion lost electrons)

ge reaction x molecules). Much of this energy supports anabolism (synthesis of new molecules)

- Enzymes are catalysts - Exergonic reactions release energy, endergonic reactions absorb energy - Metabolites: molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chem

Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization -

Cytology: study of cellular structure and function Human body consists of sex cells (sperm and oocytes) and somatic cells (a Typical cell is surrounded by extracellular fluid, specifically the interstitial Plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, which contains other lipids, Transcription: the production of RNA from a DNA template Plasma membranes are selectively permeable Diffusion: high to low concentration Diffusion occurs until the concentration gradient is eliminated Tonicity: effects of osmotic solutions on cells A solution that does not cause an osmotic flow is isotonic A solution that causes water to flow into a cell is hypotonic and can lead t A solution that causes water to flow out of a cell is hypertonic and can lea Apoptosis: genetically controlled death of cells (prophase, metaphase, an Mitosis: nuclear division of somatic cells Meiosis: sex cells are produced Most somatic cells spend their time in interphase. Which includes G1, S ( Cytokinesis: cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells Stem cells undergo frequent mitosis to replace other, more specialized ce

Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization - Epithelial tissue includes epithelia and glands - Glands: secretory structures derived from epithelia - Epithelia function: physical protection, control permeability, provide sens

cal reactions inside our body

ll other cells) fluid of the tissue roteins, and carbohydrates

o hemolysis of red blood cells d to crenation aphase, telophase)

NA replication), and G2 phases lls

ation, and produce specialized secretions

Many epithelial cells have microvilli Multicellular glands are organs that contain glandular epithelia that prod Apocrine Secretion: loss of both the secretory product and cytoplasm Holocrine Secretion: destroys the gland cell, which becomes packed with Connective Tissue Proper: contains varied cell populations and fiber type Fluid Connective Tissue: distinctive populations of cells suspended in a w Supporting Connective Tissue: less diverse cell population and a dense m Three types of fibers in connective tissue are collagen fibers, reticular fibe Three types of cartilage hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartila Smooth muscle tissue can divide and regenerate after injury Regeneration and inflammation can restore homeostasis after an injury Inflammation: isolates the injured area while damaged cells, tissue comp cleaned up - Regeneration: the repair process that restores normal function - Tissues change with age. Repair and maintenance become less efficient, a -

Chapter 5: Integumentary System - Functions: protection, excretion, temperature maintenance, vitamin d, sy response - Cell divisions in the stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer) replace mo - Papillary Layer: consists of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and sensory n - Reticular Layer: consists of a meshwork of collagen and elastic fibers orie - Integumentary sensory receptors detect both light touch and pressure - Color of epidermis depends on epidermal pigmentation and dermal blood - Each erector pili muscle can erect a single hair - A typical hair on the head grows for 2-5 years then it sheds - Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and to - Keloids are raised areas of fibrous scar tissue - Effects of aging on the skin include thinning, wrinkling, and reduced mela

ce exocrine or endocrine secretions secretions then bursts surrounded by a syrupy ground substance tery matrix that contains dissolved proteins (blood and lymph) trix with closely packed fibers (cartilage and bone) rs, and elastic fibers ge

nents, and any dangerous microorganisms (which could cause infection) are

nd the structure and chemical composition of many tissues are altered

nthesis, nutrient storage, sensory detection, and coordination of the immune e superficial cells erves that supple the epidermis ted to resist tension in the skin supply

es nocyte activity...