Homework packet 9 - Chapter 18 GI system PDF

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Chapter 18 GI system...

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Digestive System (GI System) Chapter 18 1. List the three forms of processing nutrients undergo:

2. Digestion and absorption are performed by:

3. Metabolism is performed by:

Overview of Digestion

1. Alimentary canal is:

2. What is another name for the alimentary canal that is commonly used?

3. The main organs of digestion are those that make up the:

4. List the main organs of the alimentary canal:

5. Accessory organs of digestion are not:

6. List the accessory organs of the alimentary canal commonly called the GI tract:

7. List the accessory organs of the mouth:

8. List the accessory organs of the pharynx (throat):

9. List the accessory organs of the small intestines (Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum):

10. List the accessory organ of the large intestine (Cecum, Ascending, Transverse, Descending, and Sigmoid colon), rectum and Anal canal:

11. Ingestion is:

12. Digestion is:

13. Mechanical digestion is:

14. Chemical digestion is:

15. Motility is:

16. Secretion is:

17. Absorption is:

18. Elimination is:

19. Regulation is:

Wall of the Digestive Tract 1. List the four layers, from the inside coat to the outside of the tube:

2. The Submucosa is a connective tissue layer it contains:

3. The Muscularis (muscle layer) have an important role to play in:

4. Peristalsis is:

5. Describe segmentation:

6. Segmentation assists with what?

7. The intestinal mucosa, facilitates:

8. Describe the Serosa:

9. Describe the mesentery:

Mouth Structures of the Oral Cavity

1. The mouth is also called:

2. The roof of the mouth is formed by:

3. Describe the hard palate:

4. The soft palate is located:

5. Hanging down from the center of the soft palate is an elongated process called:

6. The uvula and the soft palate prevent what?

7. The floor of the mouth consists of:

8. The tongue is anchored to what bones?

9. The frenulum attaches the tongue to:

10. What are the divisions of the tongue?

11. The many small bumps on the surface of the tongue are called:

12. Taste buds which contain sensory receptors are located:

Teeth Types of Teeth

1. List the four classification of teeth:

2. The front teeth are classified as:

3. Describe the incisors: 4. Mastication is:

5. What is another name for canine teeth?

6. Canine teeth function to:

7. Another name for the premolars are:

8. Describe the bicuspids and their function:

9. What is another name for the molars?

10. What do the molars do?

11. After food has been chewed it is formed into a small rounded mass called:

12. Baby teeth are called:

13. A full set of permanent teeth consist of how many teeth and by what age are they all in?

Salivary Glands

1. List the names of the three pairs of salivary glands:

2. Why are accessory glands associated with the digestive system considered exocrine glands?

3. Describe the parotid glands:

4. Saliva also contains a digestive enzyme called:

5. Amylase does what?

Disorders of the Mouth Cancer

1. Cancer of the mouth may result from exposure to

carcinogens found in:

2. What is leukoplakia?

3. Snuff dipper’s pouch may lead to:

4. Lip cancer may result from the carcinogenic effects of:

Dental Conditions

1. Dental caries is:

2. Dental caries are a disease of the:

3. If a dental caries goes untreated what happens?

4. Gingivitis is the general term for:

5. Periodontitis is:

Infection

1. Thrush or oral candidiasis is a mouth infection caused by:

2. Candidiasis causes:

3. Thrush is most often seen in adults who are:

Congenital Defects

1. What are the most common forms of congenital defect affecting the mouth?

2. Cleft lip and cleft palate may occur alone or together and are caused by:

Pharynx 1. Describe the pharynx:

2. Because of the pharynx location behind the nasal cavities and mouth it functions as part of:

3. List the three anatomical components of the pharynx:

Pharynx Function

1. What is deglutition? 2. Regulation of voluntary swallowing movements is dependent on:

3. Involuntary movements are regulated by impulses originating in the swallowing or “deglutition center located in:

Esophagus Structure and Function

1. Describe the esophagus:

2. Each end of the esophagus is guarded by a muscular sphincter. Describe what sphincters are:

3. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract sphincters normally act to:

4. The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) helps prevent:

5. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) normally prevents:

Reflux

1. Describe heartburn or acid indigestion:

2. What are the symptoms of heartburn or acid indigestion?

3. What is the term used to better describe heartburn and acid indigestion?

4. In the simplest form Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms are mild and occur only infrequently. In these cases, what should be done?

5. More severe and frequent episodes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can trigger:

6. What is an endoscope?

7. Barrett esophagus is:

8. List the signs and symptoms of Barrett esophagus:

9. Treatment may include medications that reduce stomach acid production and lifestyle changes aimed at preventing the reflux of acid into the esophagus. These changes include:

Hiatal Hernia

1. The common symptom of Hiatal hernia is:

2. A hernia results from an organ being pushed through a: 3. Describe a Hiatal hernia:

4. Often with the Hiatal hernia the lower esophagus

becomes:

Stomach 1. Where is the stomach located?

2. The stomach serves as:

Stomach Structure

1. List the three divisions of the stomach:

2. Describe the Fundus of the stomach:

3. Describe the body of the stomach:

4. Describe the pylorus of the stomach:

5. The upper right border of the stomach is known as:

6. The lower left border of the stomach is called the:

7. Chyme is:

8. Gastric mucosa is:

9. Intrinsic factor is secreted in the stomach, what does it do?

10. Describe rugae:

Stomach Function

1. Gastric juice contain:

2. Hydrochloric acid does what?

3. Enzymes do what?

4. The pyloric sphincter muscle does what?

Disorders of the Stomach Signs and Symptoms

1. Gastroenterology is:

2. Gastritis means:

3. Anorexia means:

4. Nausea means:

5. Emesis means:

Pyloric Conditions

1. Pylorospasm is fairly common in whom?

2. Describe what happen with Pylorospasm:

3. Describe pyloric stenosis:

Pyloric Conditions

1. Describe an ulcer:

2. These craterlike lesion (ulcer) cause (signs and symptoms):

3. Most gastric and duodenal ulcers result from:

4. With H. Pylori bacterium it burrows through the protective mucus lining the GI tract and when it makes contact with the epithelium it trigger immune reactions that include the inflammatory response. These responses impair:

5. Long term use of which pain medications can cause ulcer?

Stomach Cancer

1. Stomach cancer has been linked to:

2. What are the early warning signs of stomach cancer?

3. What are the later warning signs of stomach cancer?

Small Intestine Structure

1. List the three different section of the small intestine:

2. Most of the chemical digestion occurs in what part of the small intestines?

3. The middle third of the duodenum contains the opening of ducts that empty:

4. The opening for the ducts that empty pancreatic juice and bile are located at two bumps called:

5. Describe peristalsis:

Function Small Intestine

1. List the main functions of the small intestine:

2. Nearly all the chemical digestion and absorption of the digestive system occurs where?

3. What does the pancreas secrete into the small intestine and what do they do?

4. Describe the plicae:

5. The plicae are covered with thousands of tiny fingers called villi. Inside each villi lies a:

6. The villi also contain lymphatic capillaries called:

7. Smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine contract to:

Disorders of the Small Intestine

1. Enteritis means:

2. Gastroenteritis means:

3. Irritation of inflammations in the duodenum can produce:

4. Because the duodenum may be emptied along with the stomach during vomiting, it is common to observe with the vomit?

5. Malabsorption syndrome is:

6. List the symptoms of Malabsorption syndrome:

7. Maldigestion involves:

Liver and Gallbladder Structure

1. The liver is so large that it fills:

2. The liver secretes a substance called:

3. Liver is classified as what type of organs?

4. The liver is what size of gland in the body?

5. The liver removes yellowish bile pigments formed by the breakdown of:

6. The hepatic ducts do what?

7. The common bile duct does what?

8. The cystic duct does what?

Function Liver and Gallbladder

1. Chemically, bile contains significant quantities of cholesterol and substance (bile salt) that act as detergents to:

2. Emulsification of fats, bile that is eliminated from the body in the feces serves as a mechanism for:

3. What is the primary function of bile?

4. When chyme containing lipid or fat enters the duodenum, it initiates a mechanism that:

5. Fats in chyme trigger the secretion of the hormone:

6. The hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum travels through the bloodstream and promotes:

Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder Gallstones and Jaundice

1. Silent gallstones mean:

2. Symptomatic gallstones mean:

3. Cholelithiasis means:

4. Cholecystitis means:

5. Choledocholithiasis means:

6. Why do feces appear gray or white?

7. Biliary colic is:

8. Jaundice means:

9. What can cause jaundice?

10. Obstruction of the common hepatic duct also leads to:

Hepatitis

1. Hepatitis means:

2. Hepatitis is characterized by:

3. Hepatitis A results from:

4. Hepatitis B is transmitted by:

5. Hepatitis C is associated with:

Cirrhosis

1. Cirrhosis is a:

2. What can lead to cirrhosis?

3. No matter what the cause of liver cirrhosis, the symptoms are the same which include:

4. Describe portal hypertension:

5. Describe what the body does to relieve the pressure of portal hypertension and what does that cause?

6. What can cause the varicosities to rupture and what would this cause?

Pancreas Structure and Function

1. Describe the location of the pancreas:

2. The pancreas functions as an exocrine gland how?

3. The pancreas functions as an endocrine gland how?

4. The pancreatic juice secreted into the duodenum contains enzymes that digest all three major kinds of energy-yielding nutrients what are they? 5. Pancreatic juices also contains sodium bicarbonate, an alkaline substance that does what?

6. Between the cells that secrete pancreatic juice into ducts lie clusters of cell that have no contact with any ducts. These are the:

7. The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete what?

Disorders of the Pancreas

1. Diabetes mellitus involves the inability of the islet cells to make:

2. What is pancreatitis?

3. Acute pancreatitis may result from:

4. Describe what happens to the pancreas with cystic fibrosis (CF):

Large Intestine Structure

1. Chyme containing undigested and unabsorbed material from ingested food enters the large intestine after passing though a sphincter called the:

2. List the subdivisions of the large intestine:

3. The colon is divided into three segments, list them:

4. Material moves into the colon on the right side o f the body into:

5. The hepatic flexure or right colic flexure is:

6. The transverse colon extends across:

7. The splenic flexure or left colic flexure marks the point where:

8. The descending colon turns downward on the:

9. The sigmoid colon is:

10. The terminal portion of the rectum is called:

11. The anal canal ends at the:

Function Large Intestine

1. During its movement though the large intestine, material that remains after digestion in the small intestine is acted on by beneficial bacterial communities called:

2. As a result of bacterial action what happens?

3. In addition to their digestive role, bacteria in the large intestine have other important functions, list them:

4. The intestinal microbiome (flora) also play a role in supporting:

5. What is flatulence or flatus?

6. No villi are present in the mucosa of the large intestine. As a result, much less surface area is available for:

7. Salts especially sodium are absorbed by:

8. Water is moved into the blood by:

9. Defecation means:

10. Two sphincter muscles stay contracted to keep the anus closed except during defection. Describe these sphincters:

Disorders of the Large Intestine

1. Most of the common disorders of the large intestine relate to:

2. What can cause diarrhea:

3. What can cause Constipation:

Motility Disorders Large Intestine

1. Diarrhea usually occurs when?

2. Diarrhea is characterized by:

3. In inflammatory conditions such as dysentery, the watery feces also may contain:

4. Diarrhea is often accompanied by abdominal cramps, a symptom caused by:

5. The increased intestinal motility that causes diarrhea often results from the presence of:

6. The high water content of loose stools can be caused by:

7. Watery stools also may result from the action of toxins that causes cells in the intestinal lining to move water into the GI tract rather than out of the tract. Because of the water loss involved, untreated diarrhea may quickly lead to:

8. Constipation results from:

9. If passage of feces through the large intestine is

prolonged beyond 5 days, the feces lose volume and become more solid because:

10. Acute constipation often results from:

Inflammatory Conditions Large Intestine

1. Diverticulitis is:

2. What are diverticula?

3. Diverticula often develops in adults older than 50 years of age who eat:

4. Colitis is:

5. Symptoms of colitis include:

6. Colitis may result from:

Colorectal Cancer

1. Colorectal cancer is:

2. Most colorectal cancer originate from:

3. Diagnosis of colorectal cancer is made during:

4. What risk factors are there for colorectal cancer?

5. List the early warning signs of colorectal cancer:

Appendix Structure and Function

1. The vermiform appendix is attached to:

2. The appendix serves as a sort of:

3. The appendix maintains a normal intestinal microbiome helps prevent:

4. When the normal microbiome of the gut is disrupted for example by infection or antibiotics, the beneficial bacteria hidden away in the appendix can do what:

Appendicitis

1. Appendicitis means:

2. Undigested chunks or fecal material trapped in the appendix may cause what?

3. Where is the McBurney point located?

4. If the infectious material becomes trapped in an inflamed appendix, the appendix may:

5. Infection of the peritoneum and other abdominal organs can be:

Peritoneum Location

1. Describe the peritoneum:

2. The parietal layer of the peritoneum lines:

3. The visceral layer of the peritoneum forms the:

4. Describe the peritoneal space and what it does:

5. What does retroperitoneal mean?

Extensions Peritoneum

1. List the two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum:

2. Describe the mesentery extension:

3. Describe the greater omentum:

Peritonitis

1. Describe peritonitis:

2. Peritonitis results from:

3. Peritonitis most commonly results from an infection that occurs after:

4. Peritonitis is characterized by:

Ascites

1. What is ascites?

2. Fluid enters the peritoneal space from where?

3. Ascites may be accompanied by:

4. Ascites commonly occurs as a complication of:

Digestion Overview of Digestions

1. Describe digestion:

2. What does mechanical digestion do?

3. Mastication means:

4. Deglutition means:

5. What are the processes considered to be mechanical digestion?

6. Describe chemical digestion:

7. Describe what happens during chemical digestion:

8. Hydrolysis is:

9. Hydrolysis does what:

10. Lysis means:

Carbohydrate Digestion

1. Carbohydrates are:

2. Where do the carbohydrates get digested?

3. What is another name for double sugars?

4. List the three enzymes that digest disaccharides (double sugars):

5. What is maltose?

6. What digest maltose?

7. Sucrose is:

8. What digest sucrose?

9. Lactose is what?

10. What digest lactose?

11. Describe lactose intolerance:

12. Lactose intolerance may produce digestive symptoms of:

13. The end products of carbohydrate digestion are:

14. The most abundant monosaccharide is:

Protein Digestion

1. Where does protein digestion start?

2. Describe what the hydrochloric acid (HCI) does:

3. Unfolding of the proteins allows what to happen?

4. Pepsinogen is converted into what?

5. Pepsin enzyme does what?

6. What ...