HP200 EXAM 1 Guide - Lecture notes 1-5 PDF

Preview

Summary

exam 1 study guide...

Description

HP 200 – EXAM 1 1. Philodoxy a. literally the love of opinion; letting opinion define reality 2. Philosophy a. statement summarizing the attitudes, principle, beliefs, values, and concepts held by an individual or group. 3. Health dimensions a. A dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional (physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, occupational), a resource for living, and results from a person's interaction with and adaptation to the environment. It is holistic 4. Death rate/Mortality rate a. The ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time b. number of deaths per one hundred thousand people per year. 5. Cognitive-based philosophy (target, goals, methods, conceptualization of HPDP) a. focuses on the acquisition of content & factual information to inform health-related decisionmaking. Better information leads to better health decision-making. 6. Decision-making philosophy (target, goals, methods, conceptualization of HPDP) a. emphasizes critical thinking and lifelong learning through case studies or scenarios. Role playing with youth on how to discuss condom use with a potential sex partner. 7. Epidemiology a. “the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems” 8. Population a. group of individuals or objects to which researchers are interested in generalizing the conclusions. 9. Wellness a. “an approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects, or dimensions, of a person’s life through increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness” b. always a positive quality (as opposed to illness being negative) is visualized as the integration of the spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional, environmental, & social dimensions of health to form a whole “healthy person.” 10. Epidemic a. an outbreak of an unexpectedly large # of cases of a disease within a defined population 11. Life expectancy a. 75 years of age b. 1920-spanish flea outbreak led to a dip in life expectancy c. The more money a country has the better their medical care and therefore greater life expectancy d. White females generally live longer than men e. More gun violence/successful suicides in the south f. Opioid epidemic in rural areas around Appalachian Mountains 12. Primary, secondary, & tertiary prevention a. Healthy-primary prevention (preventative measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period) b. Disease, illness, or injury – secondary prevention (preventative measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness, or injury to limit disability, impairment, or dependency and prevent more severe pathogenesis c. Disability, impairment, or dependency – tertiary prevention (preventive measures aimed at rehabilitating following significant pathogenesis) d. Death 13. Risk factors

HP 200 – EXAM 1 a. those inherited, environmental, & behavioral influences “which are known (or thought) to increase the likelihood of physical or mental problems”; characteristics, which increase the probability of health problems b. If you have a risk factor, you are X % more likely to develop the disease i. Modifiable (changeable or controllable) 1. Environmental a. Sun exposure 2. Behavioral a. Seatbelts, exercise, sunscreen, smoking, diet ii. Nonmodifiable (non-changeable or noncontrollable) 1. Demographic a. Aging, socioeconomic status, sex 2. Inherited a. Genetics c. Determined through research i. Ex: Long-term studies that examines characteristics that predict the onset of disease d. Risk factors indicate increased probability of having/developing disease e. Typically, do not indicate with certainty if someone will develop disease 14. Leading causes and actual causes of death a. Lung disease has become increasingly more present over time b. Unintentional injury is one the leading causes of death for all ages c. Ages 1-24 homicide is one of the top reasons for death d. Ages 25+ suicide is one of the top reasons for death e. Perceived #1 cause of death: HIV/Aids f. Leading cause of death: heart disease g. Actual cause of death: tobacco 15. Modifiable vs. non-modifiable risk factors a. Modifiable (changeable or controllable) i. Environmental (i.e., Sun exposure) ii. Behavioral (i.e., seatbelts, exercise, sunscreen, smoking, diet) b. Nonmodifiable (non-changeable or noncontrollable) i. Demographic (i.e., Aging, socioeconomic status, sex) ii. Inherited (Genetics) 16. Communicable disease model Environment (Social & physical)

HP 200 – EXAM 1

Vector (conveys the agent to harm the host) Agent (leads to injury) 17. Chain of infection model a. Communicable disease model i. Disease ii. Reservoir iii. Portal of exit iv. Transmission v. Portal of entry vi. Disease in new host 18. Multi-causation disease model a. Noncommunicable disease model

Host (victim)

19. HPDP as a science-driven field a. The study of the determinants of health and disease and the study and implementation of programs to promote health and prevent disease b. Academic component of HPDP i. Consumption & production of scientific research c. Applied component of HPDP i. Implementation of HPDP programs, typically involving some aspect of health education 20. Infectious diseases a. (communicable) is easily spread and can be airborne or spread by touch - diseases caused by biological agents and are transmissible from person-to-person i. HIV ii. Dengue Fever iii. Hepatitis A, B, & C iv. Influenza v. Measles

HP 200 – EXAM 1 vi. TB vii. STDs 21. Chronic Disease a. (noncommunicable)-can’t get them from other people - diseases that cannot be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy one i. Asthma ii. Chronic renal disease – Diabetes iii. Glaucoma iv. Hypertension v. Heart disease vi. Cancer vii. Stroke 22. Years of potential life lost [YPLL] a. Difference between 75 years of age (was 65 years of age until 1996) and age at death – Key measure of premature mortality 23. Disability-adjusted life years [DALY] a. Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) times Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 24. Health-related quality of life a. subjective measure of health b. Measured using the BRFSS and includes 4 items. i. Would you say that in general your health is excellent, very good, good, fair or poor? ii. Now thinking about your physical health, which includes physical illness and injury, how many days during the past 30 days was your physical health not good? iii. Now thinking about your mental health, which includes stress, depression, and problems with emotions, how many days during the past 30 days was your mental health not good? iv. During the past 30 days, approximately how many days did poor physical or mental health keep you from doing your usual activities, such as self-care, work, or recreation? 1. Hispanic health paradox- Immigrants tend to think that their health is actually better than it is 25. HPDP activities based on trial and error a. Using observation and trying different models to find the best approach to each situation 26. Urban mortality penalty a. before about 1920, urban mortality was much in excess of rural mortality. In general, the larger the city, the higher the death rate i. child mortality in urban areas was 13% above the national average, and 22% above the average for rural places ii. Higher mortality in the South iii. By 1900 within the Death Registration Area (the six New England states, New York State, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, and the District of Columbia), the expectation of life at birth for the urban white population was 46 years, while it was 54.7 years for rural whites 27. Development of state and national programs to promote health a. Shattuck visualized healthier populations through the development of a state/national programs with the goal of protecting, promoting, and advancing health and safety for the state/nation. b. Social security was government's 1st major involvement in public/ social issues, lead to medicare (elderly) and medicaid (poor) 28. Old Testament/Torah a. 1st hygienic code in Book of Leviticus b. Torah i. emphasized social relationships, commitment, obligation and preferential action.

HP 200 – EXAM 1 ii. two concepts were endorsed, "humans are partners with the sovereign universe in the development and governance of the world" (and) "..every citizen is linked to his neighbor by covenant obligation” 1. Thus, for example, if members of society were "unclean" or "unholy", they were unable to participate in and uphold the cultic activity, out of responsibility not only to themselves but also to the community. c. Old testament i. 'shalom' is the nearest Hebrew word to 'health' - it means 'wholeness, wellbeing, vigor and vitality in all dimensions of human life', and is caused by being in right relationship with God and other people ii. good health comprises the physical and mental ability to fulfil the normal social and physical roles as determined by society iii. link between disobedience (sin) and disease 29. 1850 report of the sanitary commission of Massachusetts a. Contained remarkable insights about health promotion issues and included how to approach and solve problems, sanitation etiquette 30. Health education philosophies/approaches a. Philosophies i. behavior change philosophy ii. cognitive-based philosophy iii. decision-making philosophy iv. freeing or functioning philosophy v. social change philosophy vi. eclectic philosophy 31. Behavior change philosophy (target, goals, methods, conceptualization of HPDP) a. focuses on modifying unhealthy habits through behavior contracts, goal setting, and selfmonitoring. 32. Patient protection and Affordable Care Act a. Obamacare b. mandating that everyone get health insurance or pay a tax c. provides subsidies for middle-income families d. It expands Medicaid to more low-income people. 33. Leprosy a. A chronic, curable infectious disease mainly causing skin lesions and nerve damage. b. Symptoms include light colored or red skin patches with reduced sensation, numbness and weakness in hands and feet. c. One of the great epidemics of the Dark Ages. d. Victims were isolated and forced to wear bells and identifying clothing 34. Bubonic plague/black death a. The agent is a bacteria b. The host is the humans who get the disease; susceptibility improved by famine and cold weather c. The vector was rodents and fleas d. Environmental conditions that brought the host and agent together include global trade and crowded and unsanitary cities e. It spread to all parts of Eurasia and North Africa through flea bites 35. Cholera a. A bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread in water. 36. Miasmas theory a. disease from vapors 37. Philosophy of symmetry

HP 200 – EXAM 1 a. health has physical, emotional, spiritual, & social components; all of equal importance (no intellectual or environmental) 38. Holistic philosophy a. “... a man [sic] is essentially a unified integrated organism”; integration of the spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional, and social dimensions (no environmental) 39. Freeing/functioning philosophy a. focuses on freeing people to make best health decision for them based on their needs and interests– not necessarily for society. Aims to “not blame the victim.” Strengths-based approach fits with this philosophy. 40. Eclectic health education philosophy a. focuses on an adapting approach that is appropriate for setting 41. Theory a. “a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations” 42. Concept a. primary elements of theories or building blocks of theory 43. Construct a. a concept developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory 44. Variable a. the operational (practical use) form of a construct; how a construct will be measured 45. Measures a. the items in a research study to which the participant responds. b. include survey questions, interview questions, or constructed situations. 46. Model a. “a mixture of ideas and concepts” that “draws upon a number of theories to help people understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context” 47. Needs assessment a. a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". b. The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need. 48. Behavioral/lifestyle factors a. i.e., Seatbelts, exercise, sunscreen, smoking, diet 49. Risk vs. protective factors a. Risk factors i. associated with a higher likelihood of negative outcomes b. Protective factors i. characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of negative outcomes or that reduce a risk factor's impact. 50. Environmental influences a. i.e., Sun exposure, violence, pollution 51. Determinants of health a. Gestational endowment - GENES (30%) b. Social circumstances - education, economic status, etc... (15%) c. Environmental conditions - toxins, microbial agents both natural and human made (5%) d. Human behavior - diet, exercise, etc... (40%) e. Medical care (10%) 52. Social change philosophy

HP 200 – EXAM 1 a. emphasizes creating social, economic, & political change that benefits health of individuals & groups. Examples include policies to ban smoking in public places. Can include social movement approaches to health 53. Theories of behavior change a. Change Process Theories i. Intrapersonal theories 1. Continuum theories a. use an approach that identifies variables that influence action & combines them into a prediction equation i. Health Belief Model ii. Theory of Planned Behavior iii. Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion iv. Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model v. Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) 2. Stage theories a. are comprised of an ordered set of categories into which people can be classified, & which identifies factors that could induce movement from one category to the next. Have 1) definition of stages, 2) ordering of stages, 3) common barriers to change within stage, and 4) different barriers between stages i. Transtheoretical Model ii. Precaution Adoption Process Model iii. Health Action Process Approach 3. Diffusion theory 4. Social Capital Theory 5. Social Network Theory 6. Social Cognitive Theory ii. Interpersonal theories 1. Social learning 2. Social power 3. Social integration 4. Social networks 5. Social support 6. Social capital 7. Interpersonal communication 54. Common elements of planning models a. Models serve as frames from which to build; structure & organization for the planning process 55. Precede-proceed a. PRECEDE - predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in education / ecological diagnosis & evaluation

HP 200 – EXAM 1 b. PROCEED - policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational & environmental development 56. SMART – Social marketing Assessment Response Tool a. social marketing planning framework b. Social marketing - “the application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, and execution, and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences in order to improve personal welfare and that of their society” c. 7 phases i. Preliminary planning ii. Consumer analysis iii. Market analysis iv. Channel analysis v. Developing interventions, materials, and pretesting vi. Implementation vii. Evaluation 57. Generalized model for program planning (GMPP) a. Assessing needs b. Setting goals and objectives c. Developing an intervention d. Implementing the intervention e. Evaluating the results 58. Intrapersonal level of influences on behavior change a. Individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traitsint 59. Interpersonal level of influences on behavior change a. Interpersonal processes and primary groups, including family, friends, and peers that provide social identity, support, and role definition 60. Community level (institutional, community, and public policy factors) a. Social networks and norms, or standards, which exist as formal or informal among individuals, groups, and organizations 61. Health belief model (and key constructs) a. addresses a person’s perceptions of the threat of a health problem and the accompanying appraisal of a recommended behavior for preventing or managing a problem i. Constructs 1. Perceived susceptibility 2. Perceived seriousness 3. Perceived barriers 4. Perceived benefits 5. Cues to action 6. Self-efficacy 62. Theory of planned behavior (Types of beliefs and intentions) a. theory that links one's beliefs and behavior

HP 200 – EXAM 1 b. states that attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions and behaviors 63. Transtheoretical Model or Stages of change (know the stages) a. integrative framework for understanding how individuals and populations progress toward adopting and maintaining health behavior change for optimal health b. Has four major constructs – 1) Stages of change (this is why some call it the “Stages of Change Model”), 2) Processes of change, 3) Self-efficacy, and 4) Decisional balance c. TTM has been useful explaining gradual development habitual patterns, e.g., diet & exercise i. Precontemplation ii. Contemplation iii. Preparation iv. Action v. Maintenance 64. Health Action Process Approach a. Describes behavior change over time b. Has two phases–motivation to change & self-regulatory processes– and five stages: intention, planning, initiative, maintenance, & recovery 65. Social Cognitive Theory 1. SCT describes learning as a reciprocal interaction among an individual’s environment, cognitive processes, and behavior 2. People are thinkers; expectations of consequences 3. Reinforcement a. Direct reinforcement b. Vicarious reinforcement (observational learning or social modeling) c. Self-reinforcement 4. Often used constructs a. Behavior capability b. Expectations c. Expectancies d. Locus of control e. Reciprocal determinism f. Reinforcement g. Self-control or self-regulation h. Emotional coping response i. Self-efficacy 66. Diffusion Theory a. This theory provides an explanation for the diffusion of innovations (something new) in populations. b. Or stated a little differently, it explains the pattern of adoption of the innovations. c. Consumers of innovations are referred to as adopters; adopters can be placed in different categories d. Bell-shaped curve e. Priority population i. Innovators (-2 sd from mean) (2-3%) ii. Early adopters (-2 to -1 sd from mean) (14%) iii. Early majority (-1 sd to mean) (34%) iv. Late majority (mean to +1 sd) (34%)

HP 200 – EXAM 1 v. Laggards (> +1 sd) (16%) 67. John Snow’s contribution to public health a. studied epidemiological data related to a cholera epidemic in London b. hypothesized that the disease was caused by microorganisms in the drinking water from one particular water pump located on Broad Street c. removed the pump’s handle to keep people from using the water source and the epidemic abated. i. Predated the discovery that microorganisms cause disease and was in opposition to the prevailing miasmas theory of the time 68. Leviticus a. don’t eat animals that swarm or move on bellies because God says so 69. Middle ages a. Health advantages lost b. Personal hygiene not practiced c. population grew, expansion was difficult and overcrowding common d. Lack of fresh water and sewage removal were major problems for many medieval cities 70. Renaissance a. Science emerged as legitimate field & replaced superstition; progress was slow b. Still much disease & plague; medical care rudimentary c. Barber–surgeons; bloodletting d. English royalty lived better; hygiene in all was lacking e. Invention of printing press; microscope discovered; epidemiology studied f. 16th century in Italy; public health boards instituted to fight plague 71. Social security act a. 1935 beginning of federal government’s involvem...