HSC Modern History FULL Notes PDF

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HSC Modern History FULL Notes...

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HSC MODERN HISTORY 2020 SYLLABUS

SECTION I POWER AND AUTHORITY IN THE MODERN WORLD Core Study

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1. SURVEY -

An overview of the peace treaties which ended WW1 and he consequences

TREATY VERSAILLES (JUNE 28TH, 1919)

WHO’S INVOLVED? Germany and the Allied Powers

BREST-LITOVSK (MARCH 3RD, 1918)

Russia and the Central Powers

NEUILLY (NOV 27TH, 1919)

Allied Powers and Bulgaria

SAINT-GERMAIN (SEP 10TH, 1919)

Allied Powers and AustriaHungary

THE EFFECTS o The treaty overall designated Germany responsible for all damages and losses of WW1. o Germany was forced to pay crippling war reparations (War Guilt Clause), plunging them into an insane amount of debt ($33 billion US). o Loss of land (West Prussia, Hultschin, Northern Schleswig) o Army was reduced to 10,000 men and tanks were not permitted. o National resentment towards allied powers which fuelled Nazi propaganda (underlying cause of WW2) o The treaty marked Russia’s withdrawal from WW. o Russia lost land including Lithuania, Estonia, Livonia and some of White Russia. o Finland, Ukraine and Georgia became independent. o Forced to pay war reparations (300 million roubles) o Bulgaria was forced to cede lands to Yugoslavia and Greece. o Bulgaria had to reduce its army to 20,000 men o Bulgaria was forced to pay £100 million as reparations o Dissolved the Austria-Hungarian empire and recognised the independence of Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. o Land from Austria was given to Italy as well as some of the Dalmatian Islands. o Austria was forbidden from uniting with Germany (politically or economically) o Had to pay war reparations (but not nearly as much as Germany)

“Europe was therefore seething with unresolved problems and tensions – Stephen J. Lee (historian)

2. FOCUS STUDY: THE RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS AFTER WW1 -

The conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period.

During the interwar period Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini) and Russia (Stalin) were in situations that allowed for a dictator to rise to power. These situations involve: 1.

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Political instability: When the government is unstable or collapsed completely it allows or provokes a leader to easily rise. This is evident when Stalin used the political upheaval after the Russian Civil War to win favour over Lenin, then enforcing a totalitarian government to reduce his chances of being overthrown. Impacts of WW1 The impacts of WW1 were both political, economic and social. Germany’s government was on the verge of collapse, they were in severe amounts of debt due to the War Guilt Clause and the German people were uprising to severity of Germany’s losses. The German people felt that they

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had been unfairly treated and needed a figure to lead them towards security, allowing for Hitler to rise. Personalities Prominent personalities were successful in gaining a totalitarian government by being likable or having an overpowering demeanour. Hitler did this by allowing the German people to believe that he was one of them. He also made convincing promises to the people, saying that Germany will flourish once again, making him likeable.

An overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy and Japan. ITALY (MOSSOLINI)

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“everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state” – Mussolini Aimed to embrace all elements of society and embody national will. Italian dictatorship attempted to turn the nation in the direction of totalitarianism. “Mussolini did not seize power; he was invited to take it” – Ian Kershaw (historian)

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RUSSIA (STALIN)

JAPAN

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Opposition to the fascist party were removed ▪ Hundreds were arrested and others fled the country ▪ No freedom of press. Introduction of the ‘Corporate state’ ▪ Destroyed democracy and placed all power in the hands of Mussolini. ▪ Living standards remained poor Stalin dominated the communist party ▪ Factories and farms were under party control ▪ Young Communist League – children were forced into Use of force and terror where not opposition was allowed Japan did not have a charismatic figure leading the nation, where Hirohito reigned but did not rule. ▪ Government was influenced by military ▪ Displayed many features of a dictatorship Japan was dominated by various patriotic societies influenced by the military ▪ Practiced terror and assassinations of zaibatsu members and politicians. No attempt to strengthen the party government was made. Media came under state control and opposition were not allowed

3. THE NAZI REGIME TO 1919 -

The rise of the Nazi Party and Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic.

The Golden Years (1924-29) o

o o o

In 1924, Reparations Commission set up a panel of experts to fix the German economy. ▪ Reparations were reduced. ▪ Modernised economy and created booming industries. Parties of extreme left and right polled poorly in elections. Hindenburg was elected president in 1925 and was not a lover of democracy. Became a member of the League of Nations an signed the Locarno Pact in 1926.

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o o

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Hitler and the Nazi party were fuelled by post WW1 unrest and Hitler’s charismatic personality allowing Hitler to gain thousands of followers during the early 1920s. Hitler used the chaos of the hyperinflation in 1923 to stage a coup which ultimately failed, and he and many followers were arrested. ▪ Hitler became a national figure due to his arrest. In 1928 the Nazi Party only received 2% of the vote. Socio-economic crisis of the Depression became political where Mullers SPD-lead government fell and was replaced by Bruning. ▪ Replaced by Von Papen in 1932 ▪ Replaced by Schleicher. The great depression forced Germans to believe that the current democracy was failing to fix the democracy and the Nazi party seemed to be offering solutions to the crisis. ▪ The Nazi party blamed communist, Jews and liberals for the economic collapse. ▪ Nazi’s promises to restore Germany which ultimately lead to their success. “German people would forever blame the republic for what had happened to them. Not surprisingly, significant numbers of this social group turned towards the Nazi Party during the Depression. – Webb (historian)

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The initial consolidation of the Nazi power from 1933-1934. The Reichstag Fires (February 27th, 1933) ▪ Nazis were convinced that the Communists were responsible for the fire. ▪ The fires were used to the political advantage of the Nazis to gain popularity. o The Enabling Act (1933) ▪ The act would allow the new Nazi chancellor to enable laws without the involvement of the Weimar Republic. ▪ Social communist party had been banned. ▪ The act allowed Hitler to be a legal dictator and led to the policy of Gleichschaltung (Nazi coordination power where opposition was eliminated) o In 1933 the Nazi Party reorganised the local government which ensured the Nazi Party had full provincial control over the country. o The Gestapo were reorganised as the Secret State Police. o Many trade unions were considered a threat to the Nazi Party and were abolished in 1933. ▪ To prevent the working class from uprising, the Trade Unions was replaced with the ‘German Labour Front’. o ‘Law Against the Establishment of Parties’ ▪ Any party other than the Nazi Party was now illegal. ▪ An establishment of any party will be punished with imprisonment from six months t three years. o The People’s Court (1934) ▪ Was enforced by Hitler due to his dissatisfaction with the Reichstag fire trial. ▪ The court had full control over most political offences against the Third Reich and usually involved severe penalties. o The Night of the Long Knives (1934) ▪ A political purge that involved the wiping out of the SA’s leadership and any others that were seen a threat or enemies of the Third Reich. ▪ SS units were ordered to arrest the leaders of the SA and Hitler also took the opportunity to arrest and execute other political opponents. o

“Hitler’s elimination of SA leadership not only silenced left-wing dissidents within his own power, but also swung business interests and the army behind the Nazi regime – Ken Webb (historian)

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On August 19th, 1934, Hitler declares himself Fuhrer and Germany became a totalitarian government after Hindenburg’s death.

the nature of Nazi ideology.

Adolf Hitler put together a group ideas and systems to ensure that his country was run in a way that instilled his belief in the Aryan race. These ideas were recognised as Nazi Ideology. Hitler believed that an individual’s personality, behaviour and attitude all came down to their race which resulted in the belief that the ‘true German’ race was overall superior than that of others. Nazi ideology was built on the foundations of the German nationalistic view that Germany a divine country and those who belonged were proud to be German. By encouraging those who are “truly German” to embrace Nazi ideology, it made it easier for Hitler to control the German people into acting out against the minorities. o o o o

Social Darwinism – took Darwin’s idea of evolution and natural selection and argued that some races were inherently superior than others. Anti-Semitism – hostility and prejudice against Jews. Night of Broken Glass – organised attack on Jewish property (Nov. 1935) Nuremberg Laws - a series of two laws that forbade Jews from marrying Germans, and it also forbade German women from being employed in Jewish households. This was the Law for the protection of German Blood and German Honour. The second law was the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of all citizenship rights and split the nation into Aryan's and Jews. “all great cultures of the pest perished only because of the originally creative race died out from blood poisoning … those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do not want to fight in this world of eternal struggle do not deserve to live” – Adolf Hitler

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The role of prominent individuals in the Nazi state.

Rudolf Hess ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

Hess served in the German army during WW1. Studied in the University of Munich where he engaged in nationalistic ideologies and propaganda. He joined the Nazi party in 1920 and became a close friend of Hitler’s. 1933 he became Deputy Fuhrer and was second succession to Hitler after Goering. Many Nazi laws went through Hess.

Hermann Goering ▪ ▪ ▪

Was one of the primary architects of the Third Reich. He established the Gestapo Secret Police and the concentration camps the “corrective treatment” for the minorities of Germany and neighbouring countries. Goering was first succession to Hitler.

Baldur Von Schirach ▪ ▪ ▪

German politician who was best known for his involvement in the Hitler Youth scheme. Was appointed Reich leader in 1933 and became a part f Hitler’s inner circle and was later appointed district leader of Vienna in 1940. Hitler had personally given him the job of driving Jews and Czechoslovaks out of Vienna.

Joseph Goebbels ▪

German politician who was the Reich Minister of Propaganda where he would present a favourable image of Germany. He is also responsible for creating the Fuhrer myth.

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He had control of media, education, entertainment (books, films etc) and propaganda and anything that was considered “un-German” was abolished. Hitler appointed him district leader of Berlin in 1926. “The era of extreme Jewish intellectualism is at an end,” - Goebbels

Heinrich Himmler ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

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Leading member of the Third Reich and was an important architect of the Third Reich. He was the overseeing officer of the Nazi police. He established the first concentration camp and organised extermination camps throughout Europe. Himmler was the mastermind behind the abolishment of the SA which strengthened Hitler’s control over the country.

The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda and cult of personality.

Police state o The SS was initially set up to be Hitler’s bodyguard service who were fanatically loyal the Fuhrer. In 1935 the SS had up to 200,000 personnel who were stationed throughout Germany including concentrations camps. o The Gestapo was the Third Reich secret police force was used to monitor the German civilians in search of opposition to the Nazi rule. Their job was to identify the threat and eliminate it. The use for the secret police instilled fear amongst the population. The Legal System o Judges and military personnel had to swear fealty to the Fuhrer and were to act in the best interests of the Nazi State. o The Peoples Court was introduced to try those who were accused of crimes against the state. o Punishments for crimes were abolished so local prosecutors were able to decide the sentence to enemies of the Reich which were generally more extreme. o Protective custody was introduced so the “people of interest” could be arrested without doing anything illegal. Propaganda and censorship o Propaganda and censorship were a method of subtly brainwashing the German people into obeying Nazi ideology. o Newspapers were only allowed to print information favourable and approving of the Nazi’s. o Listening to foreign radio stations was banned. o Mass rallies were held in support of the Nazi campaign involving music, speeches and demonstrations of military strength. o Any books or films written by or about Jewish people were banned from public use. o The Hitler Youth was introduced as a way of ensuring the future of Nazi Ideology. It involved activities like camping and hiking, much like Boy Scouts and was used to brainwash young boys to buy into Nazi ideology by creating “true-German” children. Control of culture o Art that presented the Aryan race to be superior and the showed the military power of Germany was favoured. o Classical ad rural architecture was favoured by Hitler. o 2,500 authors were banned and books needed permission to be published. o Any jazz style music or “un-German” music was banned from radio and stores.

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The impact of the Nazi regime of life in Germany, including cultural expression, religion, workers, youth, women and minorities (including Jews). o o o o

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Pictures of Hitler and swastikas were plastered on buildings and flags throughout Germany either instilling fear or loyalty to German Civilians. Censorship and propaganda diminished cultural variation and restricted films and literature. The German people was less likely to be influenced by British or American ideas. Germany was a country either fuelled by fear or loyalty to the Fuhrer, creating large amounts of tension between the German society.

Opposition to the Nazi Regime. o o o

Passive resistance from the German community such as: not being involved in Nazi Party regulations or reading banned books or watching banned films. The Nazi Regime saw resistance from the church as it contradicted their values. Youth groups like the ‘Swing Kids’, ‘The White Rose’ and the ‘Edelweiss Pirates’ opposed Nazi ideology. They rebelled by: ▪ Creating anti-Nazi slogans ▪ Camping trips in the countryside to about Nazi control. ▪ Graffiti. ▪ Protest marches. “most of Germany’s youth were successfully brought over to accept the regime … Germany’s young were some of Hitler’s most enthusiastic supporters” – Ken Webb (historian)

4. THE SEARCH OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN THE WORLD 1919-1946. -

The ambitions of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific.

Germany’s main ambitions for Europe, Japan and the Asia-Pacific were driven by gaining territorial, economical political advantages. Bot japan and Germany had the same ideology if racial superiority. Germany also wished to gain land that had been lost due to the Treaty of Versailles. Japan’s expansions were promised to instil their idea of racial superiority within Asia and would allow secure resources and the Asia-Pacific region.

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The intentions and the authority of the League of Nations and the UN. o

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The League of Nations (LON) was created post WW1 (1920) as an international peace keeping organisation. The LON had four primary countries: France, Italy, Japan and the UK and later Russia joined. The LON ultimately failed to restore peace as many countries were not involved (Germany and the US) or refused to join. The LON also lacked vital enforcement mechanisms. The League did not have any way of punishing those who did not obey and were overall powerless from an uprising The UN was established in 1945 with the same intentions as the LON however, the UN has a security council to serve as its leadership. It also only needs two thirds of the vote to pass an idea as opposed to the LON which had to be unanimous. The UN includes powerful countries and states that makes it difficult for an uprising to occur.

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SECTION II JAPAN 1904-1937 National Study

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1. SURVEY: IMPACT OF JAPANESE EXPANTION -

Impact of Japanese expansion: Russo-Japanese War, annexation of Korea.

Russo-Japanese War o

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The Russo-Japanese War was fought between 1904-1905, where Japan intended to stop the expansion of Russia into Asia. Both Russia and Japan had imperialistic ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. ▪ Naval and conventional warfare. The war resulted in Japanese victory which lead to Japanese influence in Manchuria and proving themselves to be a main power in the east. Japanese people were unhappy with the result of the war and expected more form the victory. ▪ Riots in Tokyo

Annexation of Korea In 1910 the Japan-Korea Treaty was signed. In this treaty, Korea was officially annexed (a territory or region is added to one's own territory by appropriation) and became a protectorate of Japan. o Did not challenge Japan’s relations with other foreign powers. o Increased their access to natural resources. o Korea became a ‘puppet state’ of Japan. “some Koreans welcomed the Japanese modernisation projects, others fiercely resisted what they saw was an illegitimate takeover.” – McClain (historian)

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Status as a great power: 21 demands, role in WW1, Washington Conference

21 Demands o

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Twenty-one demands were made on China by the Japanese in 1915. The demands were to extend control in Manchuria and China’s economy. ▪ This was greatly opposed by Britain and the US. ▪ Chinese responded with nationwide boycott of Japanese goods. Britain and the US forced Japan to drop five of the demands which would have allowed Japan to have almost total control over China’s economy.

Role in WW1 o o

Japan joined the Allied Powers during WW1 with the goal to reach a status of a World Power. Using WW1 as a chance to take the North Pacific Islands which were owned by Germany prior to WW1. In 1919 Japan gained control of the territories through the Treaty of Versailles.

Washington Conference o

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The Washington Conference (1921-1922) was used called by the US to limit the growth of Japan’s, the US and Britain’s navy to relive tension growing in East Asia. (3:5:5) ▪ Japan leaves the League of Nations. ▪ Taisho democracy was failing and leaving the LON allowed them to focus more on reconstruction. Japanese militarism and its imperial ambitions had become a concern for other major powers and policymakers worked to reduce the th...