HSS 1101 - Midterm 1 Review PDF

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professor Rodrigue Deuboue hss1101 midterm 1 review...

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HSS 1101 – Sept 10/18 Social Determinants of Health: The Basics Definition: Life enhancing resources, such as food supply, housing, economic and social relationships, transportation, education and health care, whose distribution across populations effectively determines length and quality of life. Community: A group of people with a shared identity including: living in the same area, having some level of social interaction, sharing a sense of belonging, or having common political or social responsibilities. Reach (Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health): communities focus on race, ethnicity, and culture. 

Health Equity

The opportunity for everyone to attain his or her full health potential. No one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of his or her social position or other socially determined circumstance. Distinct from health equality. -

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(Giving enough to each person so they can achieve their potential, give people what they need based on their differences.) Making sure you receive what you need, not just distributing it equally among people. Ex: health care insurance, people with different income should be able to have the same access to health care.

Health Inequities

Systematic and unjust distribution of social, economic, and environmental conditions needed for health. -

Unequal access to quality education, healthcare, housing, transportation, other resources (eg, grocery stores, car seats) Unequal employment opportunities and pay/income Discrimination based upon social status/other factors

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Health Disparities (differences)

Differences in the incidence and prevalence of health conditions and health status between groups, based on: - Race/ethnicity - Socioeconomic status - Sexual orientation - Gender - Disability status - Geographic location - Combination of these

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Comparison of Definitions Discussion Health is Not based on one factor but many (income, eating habits, drinking, smoking, your job (which can cause stress, etc. )etc)

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Social Determinates of Health: Access to health care, access to resources, education, employment, environment, income/poverty, insurance coverage, housing, racism/ discrimination…

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Intersection of Health, Place, & Equity Place matters

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Across America: Differences in How Long and How Well We Live Same country, but health resources differ in states in affect how long people live, crime rate, other factors, etc.

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Education is linked to your health: those who are less educated, their health is worse than those who are better educated: data of different races. (indifferent of race, any group with less education, have worse health.

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Infant mortality rates for mothers

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Types of Initiatives

HSS 1101 – Sept 13/18

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What is Health?

*Broad scope of definitions: has evolved over time

*Health and sickness: defined by extremes *Health: More than not being sick - Morbidity (illness) , mortality (death) *Health as Wellness: Putting Quality into Years - Dimensions of Health and Wellness *Health Promotion: Helping You Stay Healthy - Health promotion: efforts made to encourage healthy behaviours with a goal of improving the health of an individual or population. ** - Optimal conditions - Integrated Pan-Canadian Healthy Living Strategy, 2005 *Prevention: The Key To Future Health -Primary prevention, Secondary prevention, Tertiary prevention

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Sex Differences

*Many Diseases Are More Common in Women Than in Men *Factors Reflecting Sex Biases in Medical Research - 4 factors (explain) textbook *Improving Your Health

- Figure 1.3 - Benefits of Achieving Optimal Health = Stronger immune system, improved self confidence, better sleep, enhanced relationships, improved ability to control stress, reduced reliance on health care systems.

= Improved cardiovascular functioning, increased fitness, more positive outlook on life, improved environmental sensitivity, enhanced levels of spiritual health.

- Preparing for Behaviour Change (pg 9)

- Factors Influencing Behaviour Change = Predisposing factors, enabling factors, reinforcing factors

- Figure 1.4 - Factors Influencing Behaviour Change : Understanding when to change versus what to change. States of Change, Transtheoretical Model: 7 stages of change

- Your Beliefs and Attitudes Belief: Appraisal of object, action; its attribute Attitude: Stable beliefs, feelings, and behavioural tendencies. – In relation to something or someone

- Do Beliefs and Attitudes Influence Behaviours? (HBM): Health Belief Model: How beliefs may or may not influence behaviours. Factors that support belief that change is needed (3)

- Figure 1.5 - Your Intentions to Change: Theory of Reason Action (Behaviours result from - Significant Others as Change Agents: Your family, The influence of others (theory of planned behaviour: Ajzen 1991)

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Behaviour Change Techniques

*Shaping: Developing New Behaviours in Small Steps *Visualizing: The Imagined Rehearsal *Modelling *Controlling the Situation *Reinforcement: Positive reinforcers (reward behaviour) Ex: food/drink, activity, manipulative, possessional, social *Changing Self-Talk

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Making Behaviour Change

*Self Assessment: Antecedents and Consequences - Events before and after a behaviour: recognition *Analyzing the Behaviours You Want to Change - Frequency, duration, seriousness, basis for the problem behaviour, ancedents. *Decision Making: Choices for Change ( D E C I D E ) D: Decide in advance what the problem is E: Explore the alternatives C: Consider the consequences I: Identify your values D: Decide and take action E: Evaluate the consequences

Sept 17 Introduction to the Canadian Health Care System Topics Covered: -

Before Medicare

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National Medicare in Canada

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History of Medicare

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Saskatchewan Medical Care Act

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First insurance(started in 1947?)

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Inpatient vs outpatient

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Medical Care Act (1966) and Canada Health Act (1984): 5 principles of the act:

Portability (the right to be covered, where ever you are in Canada as long as you are a citizen of Canada) Public Administration(it’s a public service: access for all) Accessibility (being able to access health care equally no matter differences such as income,etc.) Comprehensiveness (offering all the services that are medically necessary) Universality -

Sharing the Costs of Medicare

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Role of the Federal Government

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Provincial/Territorial Governments

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Recent Developments in Health and Health Care

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Reforms and Future of Medicare

- Summary: Social policy will always be influenced by the values and priorities of policy makers and society at large. Medicare in Canada was established over many years. Some scholars Physical Activity for Health, Fitness, and Performance *not all physical activity is exercise, but all exercise is physical activity

Sept 20 Physical Activity for Health, Fitness, and Performance (1 of 4) • Physical Activity and Physical Literacy – Physical literacy: motivation, confidence, and competence – MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity – Fundamental movement skills: different body parts

• 15% Canadian Adults Meet Physical Activity Recommendations – 7% children and adolescents are sufficiently active – Males more active than females

Physical Activity for Health, Fitness, and Performance (2 of 4) • Physical Activity – Movements by skeletal muscles (energy expenditure)

• Physical Activity for Health

– Recommendations: 150 minutes/week, moderate intensity – Benefits of physical activity include reduced: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, hypertension, obesity, and depression, osteoporosis, premature death

Physical Activity for Health, Fitness, and Performance (3 of 4) • Physical Activity for Fitness – Exercise: planned, structured, and repetitive movements  To improve or maintain physical fitness – Physical fitness: attributes, health- or performance-related – Exercises for particular length of time  Specific intensity; number of times per week  Train for optimal level of fitness  Recommendation: 60 minutes/day Physical Activity for Health, Fitness, and Performance (4 of 4) • Physical Activity for Performance – Increase performance: power, agility, speed, and coordination – Types: plyometrics, interval training – Safest for those with high level of fitness

Benefits of Regular Physical Activity (1 of 2) • Improved Cardiorespiratory Endurance – Reduced risk of heart disease – Prevention of hypertension  Lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure – Improved blood lipid and lipoprotein profile  Lowers LDL and raises HDL

• Improved Bone Health – Reduces osteoarthritis and osteoporosis

Benefits of Regular Physical Activity (2 of 2) • Improved Weight Management – Direct effect on metabolic rate • Improved Quantity and Quality of Life – Prevention of type 2 diabetes – Increased longevity – Improved immunity to disease • Improved Mental Health and Stress Management

Improving Cardiorespiratory Endurance • Cardiorespiratory Endurance – Heart, lungs, and blood vessels function efficiently

• Aerobic Power – Volume of oxygen consumed by the muscles

• Graded Exercise Test – Test of aerobic capacity (peak exertion)

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Programs • Determining Exercise Frequency • Determining Exercise Intensity – Target heart rate: (220-age) × % value • Determining Exercise Time • Determining Exercise Type • The Recovery – Recommendation: 18–24 hours rest between exercise

Improving Muscular Strength and Endurance (1 of 5)

• Muscular Strength and Endurance – Muscular strength: one repetition maximum (1RM) – Muscular endurance: duration, without fatigue

• Principles of Strength Development – The Tension Principle – The Overload Principle – The Specificity of Training Principle – The Recovery Principle

Improving Muscular Strength and Endurance (3 of 5) • Types of Muscle Contractions – Isometric: no muscle movement – Concentric: shortening of muscle – Eccentric: lengthening of muscle

• Methods of Providing Resistance – Body weight resistance – Fixed resistance – Variable resistance – Accommodating resistance Copyright © 2018 Pearson Canada Inc. 4 - 16 Improving Muscular Strength and Endurance (4 of 5) • Getting Started – Sufficient tension within a muscle = stronger – Set specific training goals and strategies – Strength training  Minimum one exercise per major muscle group  Intensity should be >60% of IRM – Muscular endurance training  High repetition with lower resistance

Sept 24

Improving Your Flexibility • Flexibility: range of motion; amount of movement possible at a joint – Enhances efficiency of movement • Types of Stretching Exercises – Flexibility enhanced by controlled stretching of muscles – Static stretching: slow, gradual lengthening of muscles – Recommendation: 4–7 times per week

Yoga, Tai Chi, and Pilates • Yoga – Flexibility, vitality, posture, agility, and coordination • Tai Chi – Combines stretching, balance, coordination, and meditation • Pilates – Flexibility, agility, coordination, strength, and economy of motion

Body Composition • Relative Portions of Fat and Lean Tissue • Body Composition Parameters – Total body mass – Fat mass – Fat-free mass – Regional fat distribution

Planning Your Physical Fitness Training Program • Identifying Your Physical Fitness Goals – Determine needs and set goals – Select appropriate program, commit to it • Designing Your Physical Fitness Program – Warm-up and cool-down – Cardiorespiratory endurance – Resistance training – Flexibility

Fitness-Related Injuries (1 of 5) • Causes of Fitness-Related Injuries – Overuse injuries: cumulative stress on body – Traumatic injuries: sudden and violent • Prevention – Appropriate footwear  Replace regularly – Appropriate protective equipment  Must fit well

Fitness-Related Injuries (2 of 5)

• Common Overuse Injuries – Plantar fasciitis: inflammation, bottom of foot – Shin splints: pain, front of lower leg – Runner’s knee: abnormal movement of kneecap – Treatment  RICE: rest, ice, compression, and elevation

Fitness-Related Injuries (3 of 5) • Exercising in the Heat – Acclimatize to the weather:  Avoid dehydration  Wear appropriate clothing  Use common sense • Heat Stress Illnesses – Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke

Fitness-Related Injuries (4 of 5) • Exercising in the Cold – Hypothermia: potentially fatal abnormally low core temperature – Prevention of hypothermia:  Analyze conditions (Ex. wind, humidity)  Use the buddy system  Wear appropriate layers  Hydrate

Fitness-Related Injuries (5 of 5) • Your Movement Journey – Changes in physical literacy and activity, with age  Allows understanding of journey  Helps to set new goals

Sept 27

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Healthy Eating o

Hunger: the Physiological need to eat

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Appetite: the Psychological desire to eat

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Dietary patterns around the globe  Mediterranean, Asian, and Western.  Different diets around the globe affect the health of the population in these areas. For example, Mediterranean diet is healthier than the western diet and this reflects through : less rates of cancer, certain diseases, etc.

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In Canada  Nutrition:  Nutrients  Calorie:

Eating Well W/ Canada’s Food Guide Objectives of the New Food Guide: -

Describes healthy and sufficient eating patterns

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Reduce risk of nutrition related problems

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Support and maintain healthy body weight

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Reflects diversity of food available

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Awareness and understanding of healthy eating

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Importance of healthy eating, physical activity

The Digestive Process *24 hours to go through process* 

Body: Break Food into Usable Form

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Mouth: chew food; saliva, enzymes

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Esophagus: move food to stomach

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Stomach: mix food; add acid, enzymes

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Small intestine

 8 m tube: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum  Receive enzymes from liver and pancreas

• Nutrients Absorbed in Small Intestine into Bloodstream – Supply cells energy and building blocks • After Absorption, Liver Distributes Most Nutrients • Large Intestine: Processes Digestive Waste

SIX NUTRIENTS: Proteins, carbs, fats, minerals, vitamins, water – last 3 don’t contain energy, but equally important to the body. 

Digestive Process Takes Approximately 24 Hours

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Dietary Reference Intake versus Recommended Nutrient Intake

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New, recommended nutrient intake and recommended dietary allowance

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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):  Avoid deficiencies, reduce disease risk, and avoid overconsumption

Obtaining Essential Nutrients : six nutrients (PCFMVW) • Calorie – Energy in proteins, carbs, and fats (kilocalorie) •Water – Dehydration: abnormal depletion of body fluids -

50–60% of body weight

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DRI: Males (ages 19–50) = 3.7 litres. Females (ages 19–50) = 2.7 litres

Proteins 

Major building block of every cell

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Functions: tissue development and repair

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Protection, regulation, transportation, and balance

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Most Canadians consume more than needed

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Key food groups: meat and alternatives, milk and alternatives

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Composed of amino acids

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Complete (high-quality): contain all essential amino acids

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Incomplete: lack 1+ essential amino acid(s)

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Plant (incomplete) sources of protein  Legumes  Nuts and seeds  Grain products  Vegetables

Carbohydrates – Circulates as glucose in the body (4 kcal/g) • Simple Carbohydrates (Sugars) 

Food source: fruits, vegetables, and dairy

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Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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Sweeteners: table sugar, syrups, etc.

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WHO: recommends 1500 mg/day)  Linked to hypertension and cardiovascular disease

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Calcium  Bone, heart, muscle contraction, and fluid balance  Vitamin D, increases calcium absorption

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Increasing your dietary calcium intake  Good sources: milk products, green vegetables  Carbonated drinks may cause excretion of calcium

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Iron  Iron deficiency: anemia causes fatigue (low hemoglobin)

Sex Differences in Nutritional Needs 

Different cycles, different needs  Women: needs will vary (pregnancy, lactation)

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Eating too much meat!  Increases risk: colorectal, prostate cancer (men)

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Increased fruit and vegetable intakes

 Decreases risk: lung, esophageal cancer; stroke

Oct 1st Vegetarianism • Types of Vegetarian Diets – Vegans (no foods of animal origin) – Lacto-vegetarians (dairy) – Ovovegetarians (eggs) – Lacto-ovo-vegetarians (dairy and eggs) – Pesco-vegetarians (seafood, dairy, and eggs) – Semi-vegetarians (poultry, seafood, dairy, and eggs)

Eating Well as a Student (1 of 7) • Fast Foods: Eating on the Run (1 of 2) – Ask for nutrition information on menus – Limit mayo, sauces, and other add-ons – Order salad and limit the dressing – Limit fried foods (boiled, not fried) – Choose water instead of soft drinks

Eating Well as a Student (2 of 7) • Fast Foods: Eating on the Run (2 of 2) – More tips for choosing fast foods wisely  Fast food: no sauce, limit fried  Italian, Mexican  Chinese, Japanese, and Thai  Breakfast: limit salt  Sandwiches: reduce cheese, sauces  Seafood: limit deep fried

Eating Well as a Student (3 of 7) • Understanding Nutrition and Health Claims (1 of 3) – Examples of nutrient content claims  Source of fibre  Low fat; trans fat free  Cholesterol-free  Sodium-free  Reduced in calories; light

Eating Well as a Student (5 of 7) • Understanding Nutrition and Health Claims (3 of 3) – What do the words in Nutrient Content Claims mean?  Free: none/hardly any  Low: small amount  Reduced: at least 25% less  Light: reduced fat/calories  Source: high/good/very high/excellent – What are health claims? Eating Well as a Student (6 of 7) • Healthy Eating on a Budget – Do not shop when hungry – Buy in-season fruits and vegetables – Take advantage of coupons and specials – Shop at discount food chains – Plan ahead, maximize your dollar – Cook large meals and freeze portions Eating Well as a Student (7 of 7)

• Healthy Eating in Residence – Ask if nutrient analysis conducted yet – Take results to food service provider – Contact student services or student union – Find out what other campuses are doing – Use the cafeteria suggestion box – Be positive in your approach

Food Safety Concerns (1 of 8) • Food-Borne Illness (1 of 3) – 11 million reported cases/yea...