NR 599 midterm review 1 PDF

Preview

Summary

NR 599 midterm study guide completed. Nursing informatics...

Description

Gener alpr i nci pl esofNur si ngI nf or mat i cs Ver bal i z et hei mpor t anceofheal t hi nf or mat i ons ys t emswi t hc l i ni calpr ac t i c e.Hav eknowl edgeof t y pesandc l i ni c alandadmi ni s t r at i v eus esofheal t hi nf or mat i ons y s t ems .Ens ur econfi dent i al i t y ofpr ot ect edpat i entheal t hi nf or mat i on.As s ur eac ces sc ont r oli nt heus eofheal t hi nf or mat i on s y st ems .I nf or mat i c si st hesc i enceandar toft ur ni ngdat ai nt oi nf o.Nur si ngI nf or mat i c sANS: Thes pec i al t yt hati nt egr at esnur s i ngsc i encewi t hmul t i pl ei nf or mat i onandanal y t i c als ci encest o i dent i f y ,defi ne,manage,andc ommuni c at edat a,i nf or mat i on,k nowl edge,andwi sdom i nnur si ng pr act i c e.Nur s i ngI nf or mat i c ss uppor t snur ses ,c ons umer s ,pat i ent s ,t hei nt er pr of es s i onal heal t hc ar et eam,andal lot hers t ak ehol der si nt hei rdec i si onmak i ngi nal lr ol esands et t i ngst o ac hi ev edes i r edout c omes .2Lev el sNIpr act i cegener al i s t sandi nf or mat i c s nur ses peci al i s t s . Knowl edge Dat a–uni nt er pr et edi t ems ,of t enr ef er r edt oasdat ael ement s .Anex ampl emi ghtbea per son’ swei ght .Wi t houtaddi t i onaldat ael ement ss uc hashei ght ,age,ov er al l wel l bei ngi t woul dbei mposs i bl et oi nt er pr ett hes i gni fi canc eofani ndi v i dualnumber . I nf or mat i on–agr oupofdat ael ement st hathav ebeenor gani z edandpr oces s eds ot hatone c ani nt er pr ett hesi gni fi canc eoft hedat ael ement s .Forex ampl e,hei ght ,wei ght ,age,andgender ar edat ael ement st hatc anbeusedt ocal c ul at et heBMI .TheBMIcanbeusedt odet er mi nei f t hei ndi v i duali sunder wei ght ,ov er wei ght ,nor mal wei ghtorobes e. Knowl edge-i sbui l tonaf or mal i z at i onoft her el at i ons hi psandi nt er r el at i ons hi psbet weendat a andi nf or mat i on.Ak nowl edgebas emak esi tposs i bl et ounder st andt hatani ndi v i dualmayhav e ac al c ul at edBMIt hati sov er30andnotbeobes e.Att hi st i me,s ev er alaut omat eddec i si on s uppor ts y s t emsi nc l udedaknowl edgebaseandas etofr ul esf orappl y i ngt hek nowl edgebas e i nas peci fi cs i t uat i on.Forex ampl e,t hek nowl edgebas emayi ncl udet hef ol l owi ngi nf or mat i on.A f ev erorel ev at edt emper at ur eof t enbegi nswi t hac hi l l .Att hebegi nni ngoft hechi l lt hepat i ent ’ s t emper at ur emaybenor mal orev ens ubnor malbuti n30mi nut esi ti sl i k el yt hepat i entwi l lhav e s pi k edat emp.Ar ul emi ghtr ead:i fapat i entcompl ai nsofc hi l l s ,t hent ak et hepat i ent ’ s t emper at ur eandr epeati n30mi nut es . Wi sdom Wi s dom maybedefi nedast heappr opr i at eus eofdat a,i nf or mat i on,andk nowl edgei nmak i ng dec i s i onsandi mpl ement i ngnur s i ngact i ons .I ti nc l udest heabi l i t yt oi nt egr at edat a,i nf or mat i on, andk nowl edgewi t hpr of ess i onalv al ueswhenmanagi ngs peci fichumanpr obl ems . Sci ent i ficUnder pi nni ng Thes c i ent i ficunder pi nni ngsofpr act i cepr ov i det hebas i sofk nowl edgef oradv anc ednur s i ng pr act i c e.Thesesc i ent i fi cunder pi nni ngsi nc l udes ci encess uc hasbi ol ogy ,phy s i ol ogy , ps y c hol ogy ,et hi c s ,andnur s i ng.Thesc i encesunder pi nni ngnur s i ngi nf or mat i c s :Nur s i ng s c i enc e,i nf or mat i ons c i ence,andcomput ers ci ence TheFoundat i onofKnowl edgeModel The" Foundat i onofKnowl edgemodeli samodelt hatpr opos est hathumansar eor gani c i nf or mat i ons y s t emscons t ant l yac qui r i ng,pr oc ess i ng,andgener at i ngi nf or mat i onorknowl edge i nbot ht hei rpr of es si onal andper s onall i v es "( Mas t r ai n&Mc Goni gl e,2009,p. 453) .Thi st heor y i nv ol v esi nt egr at i ngf ourmai nki ndsofknowl edge,whi c har e:k nowl edgeac qui s i t i on,knowl edge di ss emi nat i on,k nowl edgegener at i onandk nowl edgepr oces s i ng.Wi t ht i me,webegi nt o t r ans f or m ourex per i enc esandappl i edk nowl edgei nt oi thi ghes tf or mk nownas . . . wi sdom. Comput ersci ence St udi est het heor yunder pi nni ngi nf or mat i onandcomput at i onandt hei ri mpl ement at i oni n c omput ers y s t ems .Look sathowt hehumanmi ndwor k sf r om ani nf or mat i onpr oces s i ng per spec t i v e.

Cogni t i vesci ence t hes t udyoft hought ,l ear ni ng,andment alor gani z at i on,whi c hdr awsonas pect sofps y c hol ogy , l i ngui s t i c s ,phi l osophy ,andcomput ermodel i ng. I nf or mat i onsci ence Deal swi t ht her et r i ev alandmanagementofi nf or mat i onaswel l ashumancomput eri nt er act i ons St andar dTer mi nol ogy St andar di z edt er mi nol ogi es( STs )cont r i but et ot hedev el opmentofknowl edgebecaus et hey ens ur et hatal lpr of ess i onal sshar et hesameunder s t andi ngormeani ngofagi v enconc ept ,t o c l ar i f ycommuni cat i on,f aci l i t at er es ear c h,andpr ovi des t r uc t ur ef ordeci s i ons uppor tt ool sand EHRs .Asy oul ookatt heFoundat i onofKnowl edgemodel ,STssuppor tknowl edgeac qui s i t i on, di ss emi nat i on,gener at i on,andpr oc es s i ng: Nomencl at ur er ef er st oas y st em ofr ul esandpr oc edur esf oraddi ngnamesusedi nanar tor s c i enc e,s uc hasnur s i ng. Cl ass i fi c at i ons y s t emst hatcapt ur ec at egor i es ,whi c har et henus edt odet er mi necos t sor out comesbutar ei ns uffic i enti ndet ai l f orcl i ni c aldoc ument at i onpur pos es . T ax onomy,whi chusesc l as s i fi cat i onac cor di ngt oapr edet er mi neds y st em,wi t ht her es ul t i ng c at al ogus edt opr ov i deaconc ept ualf r amewor kf ordi sc uss i on,anal y s i s ,ori nf or mat i onr et r i ev al .

Dat as et ,whi chr ef er st oanamedcol l ect i onofdat acons i st i ngofi ndi v i duali nf or mat i on or gani z edi napr es cr i bedf ashi on. I nf or mat i csCompet enci es I nf or mat i onLi t er ac y :Ref er st ot heus eofdi gi t alt ec hnol ogyt ol oc at e,nav i gat e,manage, i nt egr at e,ev al uat e,c r eat e,andeffec t i v el ycommuni cat ei nar api dl yc hangi ngheal t hcar e env i r onment .Themosti mpor t antas pect sofi nf or mat i onl i t er ac yr eflec ti nf or mat i ondi s cov er y , r et r i ev al ,anddel i v er yaswel l ast heabi l i t yt oac qui r e,pr oces s ,gener at e,anddi s semi nat e k nowl edgei nway st hathel pt hos emanagi ngt hek nowl edger eev al uat eandr et hi nkwhatan i ndi v i dualunder s t ands . •Abi l i t yt oi dent i f ywheni nf or mat i oni sneededaswel last hesk i l l st ofi nd,ev al uat e,and effec t i v el yuset hes ame •Ev al uat i onofonl i ner es our cesf orqual i t y •Abl et os ear c hl i t er at ur edat abas eseffect i v el y Comput erLi t er ac y •Bas i cf ami l i ar i t ywi t hc omput erus esandcommonappl i cat i ons •Abi l i t yt onavi gat ehy per l i nks •Abl et os etupandus eadat abaset ocol l ec tandr et r i ev ei nf or mat i on Cl i ni cal I nf or mat i onManagement •Us esc l i ni c aldeci s i onmak i ng( CDS)ands y s t em saf eguar dst opr ot ectpat i ent sandpr ot ec t ed heal t hi nf or mat i on( PHI ) •Abl et or eques tandev al uat er epor t sf ort hepur poseofi nf or meddeci si onmak i ng •Par t i c i pat ei nt hes el ect i on,des i gn,andev al uat i onofc l i ni cali nf or mat i ons y st emsandpat i ent c ar et ec hnol ogi es

•Us esav ai l abl et ec hnol ogi est oappr opr i at el yandeffect i v el ycommuni cat e

Heal t hl i t er acy Heal t hl i t er ac yi st hedegr eet owhi c hi ndi v i dual shav et hec apac i t yt oobt ai n,pr oces s ,and under s t andbas i cheal t hi nf or mat i onands er v i c esneededt omak eappr opr i at eheal t hdeci si ons . Heal t hl i t er ac yi sdependentoni ndi v i dualands y st emi cf ac t or s :Communi c at i ons ki l l sofl ay per sonsandpr of es s i onal s . Meani ngf ulUse wasdefi nedbyt heuseofcer t i fi edEHRt ec hnol ogyi nameani ngf ul manner( f orex ampl e el ect r oni cpr es c r i bi ng) ;ens ur i ngt hatt hec er t i fi edEHRt ec hnol ogyconnec t si namannert hat pr ov i desf ort heel ect r oni cex c hangeofheal t hi nf or mat i ont oi mpr ov et hequal i t yofc ar e. Dev el opedasani ncent i v epr ogr am t oas s ur et hatEHRsar eusedac cor di ngt os t andar dst hat ac hi ev equal i t y ,s af et y ,andeffici enc ymeas ur es Pat i ent cent er edI nf or mat i onSyst ems EMRs ,aggr egat ei nf or mat i ons y st ems ,pat i entuni quei dent i fi er s .Aggr egat eddat aar eusedf or t hegener at i onofr out i ner epor t sandi ndi cat or s ,andf ors t r at egi cpl anni ngandgui danc ewi t hi n t heheal t hs y s t em. Cl i ni calDeci si onSuppor tSyst ems Cl i ni cal dec i si ons uppor t( CDS)pr ovi desc l i ni c i ans ,s t aff,pat i ent sorot heri ndi v i dual swi t h k nowl edgeandper s ons peci fi ci nf or mat i on,i nt el l i gent l yfil t er edorpr esent edatappr opr i at e t i mes ,t oenhanceheal t handheal t hcar e.CDSencompas sesav ar i et yoft ool st oenhanc e dec i s i onmak i ngi nt hec l i ni calwor k flow.Theset ool si ncl udec omput er i z edal er t sandr emi nder s t ocar epr ovi der sandpat i ent s ;cl i ni c algui del i nes ;condi t i onspec i fi cor ders et s ;f ocus edpat i ent dat ar epor t sands ummar i es ;doc ument at i ont empl at es ;di agnos t i cs uppor t ,andcont ext ual l y r el ev antr ef er encei nf or mat i on,amongot hert ool s .HI Tf unc t i onal i t yt hatbui l dsupont he f oundat i onofanEHRt opr ovi deper s onsi nv ol v edi ncar epr oces s eswi t hgener alandper s ons pec i fi ci nf or mat i on,i nt el l i gent l yfil t er edandor gani z ed,atappr opr i at et i mes ,t oenhanc eheal t h andheal t hc ar e El ect r oni cMedi calRecor ds AnEl ec t r oni cHeal t hRec or d( EHR)i sanel ect r oni cv er s i onofapat i ent smedi cal hi s t or y ,t hati s mai nt ai nedbyt hepr ov i derov ert i me,andmayi nc l udeal l oft hek eyadmi ni st r at i v ec l i ni caldat a r el ev antt ot hatper s onsc ar eunderapar t i cul arpr ov i der ,i nc l udi ngdemogr aphi cs ,pr ogr es s not es ,pr obl ems ,medi c at i ons ,v i t als i gns ,pas tmedi cal hi s t or y ,i mmuni z at i ons ,l abor at or ydat a andr adi ol ogyr epor t I mpr ov espat i entc ar eby : •Reduc i ngt hei nci denc eofmedi cal er r orbyi mpr ovi ngt heacc ur ac yandc l ar i t yofmedi cal r ecor ds . •Maki ngt heheal t hi nf or mat i onav ai l abl e,r educi ngdupl i cat i onoft es t s ,r educ i ngdel ay si n t r eat ment ,andpat i ent swel li nf or medt ot ak ebet t erdec i s i ons . •Reduc i ngmedi cal er r orbyi mpr ovi ngt heacc ur ac yandc l ar i t yofmedi cal r ec or ds HumanTechnol ogyI nt er f ace HumanTec hnol ogyI nt er f ace( HTI )i st hei nt er act i onbet weenhumanandt ec hnol ogy .Wi t ht he ev ol ut i onoft ec hnol ogyandcomput ers ci ence,heal t hcar ehasbeent hr oughmany dev el opment si nr es pondt ot echwor l d.HumanTechnol ogyI nt er f ac ei nnur si ngdefi nedast he appl i cat i onofcomput ert ec hnol ogyt oal l fiel dsofnur s i ng.I ti shar dwar eands of t war et hr ough whi cht heuseri nt er act swi t hanyt ec hnol ogy( e. g. ,comput er s ,pat i entmoni t or s ,anddi gi t al s c r eens) .I ndeed,t heus eandt hedev el opmentoft ec hnol ogyi nt hec l i ni cal ar eashasbecomea

nec es si t y .Suc ht ec hnol ogyhasbeenal r eadypr act i cedi nmanynur si ngdepar t ment s .For ex ampl e,t hec ar di acmoni t or i ngs y s t ems ,defi br i l l at or s ,el ect r oni ct her momet er s ,i nt r av enous pumps ,Pat i ent cont r ol l edanal ges i a( PCA)pumpsandmanyot her shar dwar e. Heal t hI nf or mat i onTechnol ogy HI Thasbeenpr omot edasak eys t r at egyt oachi ev ebet t ercar e,affor dabl ecar e,andheal t hy popul at i onsandc ommuni t i es .HI Ti scompr i sedof“ har dwar e,s of t war e,i nt egr at edt ec hnol ogi es orr el at edl i cens es ,i nt el l ect ual pr oper t y ,upgr ade,orpack ageds ol ut i onssol dass er vi cest hat ar edes i gnedf orors uppor tt heus ebyheal t hc ar eent i t i esorpat i ent sf ort heel ect r oni cc r eat i on, mai nt enanc e,acc essorex c hangeofheal t hi nf or mat i on. Heal t hi nf or mat i ont ec hnol ogy( heal t h I T)i nv ol v est heex c hangeofheal t hi nf or mat i oni nanel ect r oni cenv i r onment .Wi des pr eadus eof heal t hI Twi t hi nt heheal t hc ar ei ndust r ywi l li mpr ov et hequal i t yofheal t hc ar e,pr ev entmedi cal er r or s ,r educeheal t hc ar ecos t s ,i nc r eas eadmi ni st r at i v eeffic i enc i es ,dec r eas epaper wor k ,and ex pandacc esst oaffor dabl eheal t hcar e.I ti si mper at i v et hatt hepr i v ac yands ecur i t yof el ect r oni cheal t hi nf or mat i onbeens ur edast hi si nf or mat i oni smai nt ai nedandt r ansmi t t ed el ect r oni c al l y . Al ar mf at i gue t hedesens i t i z at i onofac l i ni ci ant oanal ar ms t i mul ust hatr es ul t sf r om sens or yov er l oadc ausi ng t her es ponseofanal ar mt obedel ay edormi s sedAc cor di ngt oTheJ oi ntCommi ss i on( T JC) bet ween2009and2012,t her ewer er epor t sof98al ar mr el at eds ent i nel ev ent s ,i nwhi c h80 r es ul t edi ndeat h,13i nper manentl os soff unct i on,andfi v ei nunex pect edpr ol ongedcar e c ondi t i ons Di gi t alnat i ves aper sonbor norbr oughtupdur i ngt heageofdi gi t alt echnol ogyandt her ef or ef ami l i arwi t h c omput er sandt heI nt er netf r om anear l yage. I nf or mat i onLi t er acyCompet encySt andar dsf orNur si ng The pur pos eoft heI nf or mat i onLi t er ac ySt andar dsf orNur s i ngi st o: • pr ov i de a f r amewor kf orf acul t y ands t udent sofnur s i ngatt heas s oci at e,bacc al aur eat e, mast er ’ s ,anddoc t or all ev el si nt hedev el opmentofi nf or mat i onl i t er ac ys ki l l sf orev i dencebas ed nur si ngpr act i ce • enc our age t he us e ofa common l anguage f ornur si ng f ac ul t y and l i br ar i ans t o di s cus sst udenti nf or mat i ons eeki ngs ki l l s ; •gui del i br ar i ansandnur s i ngf ac ul t yi nc r eat i ngl ear ni ngact i v i t i est hatwi l ls uppor tt hegr owt hof i nf or mat i onl i t er ac ys ki l l sov ert hecour seofapr ogr am ofnur s i ngeducat i onandf orl i f el ong l ear ni ng; •pr ov i deadmi ni s t r at i onandc ur r i cul um commi t t eesas har edunder s t andi ngofs t udent c ompet enc i esandneed;and •pr r amewor kf orcont i nui ngeducat i oni nt hear eaofi nf or mat i onl i t er ac yf ort hefi el d ov i de a f ofnur si ngpr act i ceandr es ear c h •St nf or mat i onl i t er at enur s edet er mi nest henat ur eandext entoft he andar dOneThei i nf or mat i onneeded.1) Defi nes and ar t i c ul at es t he need f ori nf or mat i on.2)I dent i fi esa v ar i et yoft ypesandf or mat sofpot ent i al s our c esf ori nf or mat i on.3)Has a wor ki ng k nowl edge oft he l i t er at ur ei n nur si ngr el at ed fi el ds and how i ti spr oduc ed.4) Cons i der st hecos t sandbenefi t sofac qui r i ngt heneededi nf or mat i on.5)Reev al uat es t he nat ur e and ex t entoft hei nf or mat i onneed. •St nf or mat i on l i t er at e nur se ac ces s es neededi nf or mat i oneffec t i v el yand andar dTwoThe i effic i ent l y .1.Sel ect st hemos tappr opr i at ei nv es t i gat i v emet hodsori nf or mat i onr et r i ev al s y st emsf oracc ess i ngt heneededi nf or mat i on.2.Cons t r uct sandi mpl ement seffici entand effec t i v el ydesi gnedsear c hs t r at egi es .3.Ret r i ev es i nf or mat i on onl i ne ori n per s onusi ng

av ar i et yofmet hods .4.Refi nest hes ear c hs t r at egy ,i fnec ess ar y5.Ext r ac t s ,r ecor ds ,and managest hei nf or mat i onandi t ss our c es . •St nf or mat i onl i t er at enur s ec r i t i cal l yev al uat est hepr oc ur edi nf or mat i on andar dThr eeThei andi t ssour ces ,and,as a r esul t ,dec i des whet herornott o modi f yt he i ni t i alquer y and/ ors eek addi t i onals our cesandwhet hert odev el opanewr es ear c hpr oc ess .1. Summar i z es t he mai ni deas t o be ex t r act edf r om t hei nf or mat i ongat her ed.2.Sel ec t s i nf or mat i onbyar t i c ul at i ngandappl yi ngcr i t er i af orev al uat i ngbot ht hei nf or mat i onandi t s s our ces .3.Sy nt hes i z es mai ni deas t oc onst r uc tnewc oncept s .4.Compar es new k nowl edge wi t h pr i orknowl edge t o det er mi ne t he v al ue added,cont r adi c t i ons ,orot her uni quechar ac t er i st i c soft hei nf or mat i on.5.Val i dat esunder st andi ngandi nt er pr et at i onoft he i nf or mat i ont hr oughdi sc our s ewi t hot heri ndi v i dual s ,subj ect ar ea ex per t s ,and/ or pr act i t i oner s6.Det er mi nes whet hert he i ni t i alquer y shoul dber ev i s ed.7.Ev al uat est he pr oc ur edi nf or mat i onandt heent i r epr oces s . •St nf or mat i on l i t er at e nur s e,i ndi v i dual l y orasamemberofagr oup, andar dFourThe i us esi nf or mat i oneffec t i v el yt oac compl i s has peci fi cpur pos e.1.Appl i esnewandpr i or i nf or mat i ont ot hepl anni ngandc r eat i onofapar t i c ul arpr oduct .2.Rev i s es t he dev el opmentpr oc ess f ort hepr oduc t .3.Communi cat es t he pr oduc teffect i v el yt o ot her s . •St nf or mat i on l i t er at e nur se under s t ands manyoft heec onomi c ,l egal , andar dFi v eThe i ands oc i ali ss uess ur r oundi ngt heus eofi nf or mat i onandac ces s esandusesi nf or mat i on et hi cal l yandl egal l y .1.Under st andsmanyoft heet hi cal ,l egal ,ands oci oec onomi ci s sues s ur r oundi ngi nf or mat i onandi nf or mat i ont ec hnol ogy .2.Fol l ows l aws ,r egul at i ons , i ns t i t ut i onalpol i ci es ,andet i quet t er el at edt ot heacc essandus eofi nf or mat i onr es our c es .3. Acknowl edges t he us e ofi nf or mat i on s our ces i n communi cat i ng t he pr oductor per f or manc e. HI TECHAct TheHI TECHActwasc r eat edt omot i v at et hei mpl ement at i onofel ec t r oni cheal t hr ec or ds( EHR) ands uppor t i ngt ec hnol ogyi nt heUni t edSt at es .Pr es i dentObamasi gnedHI TECHi nt ol awon Febr uar y17,2009aspar toft heAmer i c anRecov er yandRei nv es t mentAc tof2009( ARRA) ,an ec onomi cs t i mul usbi l l . Heal t hI nf or mat i onTechnol ogyf orEc onomi candCl i ni c al Heal t hAct . Cr eat esi ncent i v esr el at edt oheal t hc ar ei nf or mat i ont ec hnol ogy ,i ncl udi ngi nc ent i v esf ort heuse ofel ect r oni cheal t hr ecor d( EHR)s y s t emsamongpr ovi der s .HI TECHs t r engt henedHI PPA s ec ur i t y .Pr ovi der st hatcompl ywi t hmeani ngf ul us er equi r ement( EHRs)qual i f yf oraddi t i onal r ei mbur sementov eraper i odofs ev er al y ear s .Penal t i eswi l lbei mpos edf orpr ov i der st hatdonot us eappr ov edt ec hnol ogyt ocompl ywi t hmeani ngf ul us e. TI GERbasedNur si ngI nf or mat i csCompet enci esModel Tec hnol ogyI nf or mat i csGui di ngEducat i onRef or m A)Bas i ccomput ercompet enci es .B) I nf or mat i onLi t er ac y .C)I nf or mat i onmanagement .Goal :Tomak eheal t hcar es af er ,mor e effec t i v e,effic i ent ,pat i ent cent er ed,t i mel yandequi t abl ebyi nt er weav i ngevi denc eand t ec hnol ogys eaml es s l yi nt opr ac t i c e,educat i on,andr es ear c hf ost er i ngl ear ni ngheal t hcar e s y st em andi saus ef ul r esour c e. Revi ew Quest i onsf oundonl i ne: Thenur seunder s t andst hatnur si ngi nf or mat i c si sr ecogni z edasas peci al t yar eaofpr act i c eby whi chs t at ement ?Resear c hpr i or i t i esf ornur s i ngi nf or mat i csi nc l udet hedev el opmentofa s t andar dnur s i ngl anguageandt hedev el opmentofdat abas esf orcl i ni c ali nf or mat i on. Whi c hst at ementbyt henur s ev er i fi est hatt henur s ei s" i nf or mat i onl i t er at e" ?

" Iunder st andhowt os ear c hf orawebs i t eandev al uat ei t sus ef ul nes sf orheal t hc ar eneeds . " Whati si nf or mat i on?dat at hatcanbei nt er pr et ed.Ex ampl e:pat i ent ’st emper at ur e.Gr oupi ngof dat apr oces si nt omeani ngf ul st r uct ur edf or m. Thenur segat her smuc hdat awhencar i ngf orc l i ent s .Whi c hi sanex ampl eoft hehi gher l ev el " i nf or mat i on"us ef uli ncar i ngf orc l i ent s ?Af t err ec ei v i ngRocephi n( c ef t r i ax onesodi um)1. 0gr am I Vy es t er day ,t hec l i entr epor t edf eel i ngbet t ert oday . Whi c hst at ementbes tdi st i ngui s hest hedi ffer encebet weeni nf or mat i onl i t er ac yandcomput er l i t er ac y ?I nf or mat i onl i t er ac yf or mst hebas i sf orongoi ngl ear ni ngwher eascomput erl i t er ac y r ef er st oaf ami l i ar i t ywi t ht heus eofper sonalc omput er s Whi c hst at ementi ndi c at est heappr opr i at el ev elofi nf or mat i cscompet enci est ot hecor r ec t nur se ?Anur s ei nf or mat i c ss pec i al i stex t r apol at esdat at odev el opbes tpr act i c...