Human Anatomy Midterm Lab Review PDF

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Human Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Lab Review Lab 2 Anatomy – Structure Physiology – Function Anterior/Ventral – Front Posterior/Dorsal – Back Superior – Above Inferior – Below Proximal – Closer from attachment Distal – Farther from attachment Superficial – Close to surface Deep – Away from surface Medial – Towards midline Lateral – Away from midline Cornal – Separates front and back Transverse – Separates top and bottom Saggital – Separates left and right Cranial Cavity – Formed by skull and houses the brain Vertebral Canal – Formed by bones and houses spinal cord Thoracic Cavity – Contains the lungs and heart, lined by pleura (lungs) and pericardium (heart) Parietal – Outer, lines the thoracic wall Visceral – Inner, lines the lungs or heart Abdominalpelvic Cavity – Intestines, liver, bladder, and lined by peritoneum Lab 6 Passive Transport: Does not require ATP Diffusion – High to low concentration Osmosis – Diffusion of water through plasma membrane Facilitated Diffusion – Requires a protein carrier Active Transport: Requires ATP Endocytosis, Pinocytosis, Exocytosis, Solute Pumping Isotonic – Same osmotic pressure Hypertonic – Higher solute content (shrinks) Hypotonic – Lower solute content (swells) Lab 7 Cell Cycle: Interphase – G1, S (DNA Replicates), G2 Mitosis – Prophase (Chromatin condenses, centrioles replicate), Prometaphase, Metaphase (Align in the middle), Anaphase (Pulled apart), Telophase (Cleavage furrow) Cytokinesis – Separation of cytoplasm Lab 8, 9, 10, 25

Types of Tissues: Epithelial – Covers body surfaces and linings. EX: Lining of digestive Connective – Protects, supports and connects. EX: Bone, blood, cartilage Muscle – Produce movement. EX: Cardiac, skeletal, smooth Nervous – Conducts impulses. EX: Brain, spinal cord, nerves Epithelial: Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal – Covers ovaries, lines kidneys tubules, ducts of salivary glands, pancreas, liver Simple Columnar – Lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines Pseudostratified – Lines the passages of respiratory and reproductive systems Stratified Squamous – Lines the oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal Stratified Cuboidal – Lines the larger ducts of mammary, sweat and salivary glands Stratified Columnar – Lines parts of the reproductive organs Transitional – Inner lining of the urinary bladder Connective: Adipose – Stores fat and energy, in spaces between muscles, around kidneys and other organs Reticular – Collagenous fibers in a 3-D network, walls of internal lymphoid organs Dense – Thick collagenous fibers, binds body parts together as parts of tendons and ligaments Elastic – Mostly yellow elastic fibers in parallel strands, found in between vertebrae, in arteries and heart  Elastic Cartilage – Framework for ears  Fibrocartilage – Tough, intervertebral disks  Hyaline Cartilage – Found at the ends of bones Compact Bone – Supports body, protect vital organs, makes blood cells, in layers of lamellae Blood – Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes Muscle: Smooth – Nonstraited, involuntary, single nucleus Skeletal – Striated, voluntary, multinucleated Cardiac – Striated, involuntary, single nucleus Nervous: Nervous Tissue – In the brain, spinal cord, transmit electrochemical impulses Lab 26, 27, 28, 29 Meninges: Dura Mater – Outer most layer, tough, attaches to inside of the cranium Arachnoid Mater – Middle layer, web-like membrane, lacks blood vessels, contains cerebrospinal fluid Pia Mater – Inner layer, thin. nerves and blood vessels, attached to surface of brain and spinal cord Spinal Cord: The link between the brain and body. Composed of 31 segments. Two layers: White matter (outer) and Gray matter (inner) Reflexes: Rapid, automatic response. Involuntary reactions of effectors to a stimulus Stimulus, rapid response, and an automatic response Response can be normal, hypoactive, or hyperactive

A Reflex Arc: Monosynaptic Reflex – Simplest, no interneurons, includes stretch reflexes, maintain balance and posture Polysynaptic Reflex – Complex neural pathways, involve interneurons, includes withdraw reflexes The Brain: Cerebrum – Voluntary actions, home of our conscious mind, be aware of our sensations, communicate, remember, understand Brainstem – Functions in heartbeat, breathing  Medulla Oblongata – Controls vital visceral activities like heartbeat/breathing  Pons – Separates the midbrain from medulla oblongata  Pituitary Gland – Endocrine gland that produces hormones Diencephalon – Vital functions and visceral activities  Thalamus – Afferent synapses converge here  Hypothalamus – Visceral control center  Epithalamus – Contains pineal gland Cerebellum – Smoothes and coordinates body movements, helps maintain equilibrium Corpus Callosum – Connects the right and left halves of the cerebrum Gyri – Raised folds of the brain Sulci – The shallow grooves between gyri Fissure – A very deep groove Lobes of the Brain: Frontal Lobe – Concentrating, planning  Motor – Controls voluntary actions Parietal Lobe – Understanding speech, choosing words to express thoughts  Sensory – Sensations on skin Temporal Lobe – Interpret complex sensory experiences, visual memories, music, complex patterns  Sensory – Interprets hearing Occipital Lobe – Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences  Sensory – Interprets vision Broca’s Area – Controls muscles for speech (Left hemisphere) Frontal Eye Field – Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids (Above Broca’s area) Cranial Nerves: Olfactory – Sense of smell Optic – Vision Oculomotor – Pupil constriction, open eyelid Trochlear – Smallest nerve – superior oblique muscle of the eye Trigeminal – Largest, responsible for sensation in the face and functions such as biting, chewing and swallowing Abducens – Controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle Facial – Facial muscles, tear and taste Vestibulocochlear – Hearing and equilibrium Glossopharyngeal – Swallowing Vagus – Body organs, heart rate Accessory – Shoulder and neck muscles Hypoglossal – Controls tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing Lab 11, 30, 31

Integumentary System: Consist of skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Epidermis – Outermost layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Lacks blood supply. Thick epidermis is found on the palms of hands and soles of the feet. Melanin is produced and stored in melanocytes. Dermis – Middle layer of irregular dense connective tissue. Contains blood and muscle supply. Nerves, follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands. Subcutaneous Layer – Made of loose connective tissue and fat. Contains major blood vessels. Hair Follicles – Composed of dead epidermal cells. Arrector Pili – Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps appear. Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, and Diameter for Skin Cancer rule. Receptors and General Senses: General – Touch, temperature, vibration, itch, pain and proprioception Special – Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and audtion Heat receptor most sensitive above 77F become unresponsive above 138F. Cold receptor most sensitive between 50F and 68F and unresponsive below 50F.

Nociceptors – Respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain Somatic pain – Superficial coming from the skin or close to the surface of body Visceral pain – In internal organs Referred pain – Present in an area removed or distal from its point of origin....