Human Cultural Diversity Test 2 Study Guide PDF

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Test 2 ANT-110 Study Guide...

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Anthropology Test 2 Study Guide; Band: oldest and simplest form of political organization; typical form of socio-political organization found in hunters and gatherers. Small, mobile populations who do not have formal leadership roles.

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Simple Bands: hunted non-migratory animals, informally led by the eldest male of one or a few extended families, leaders led by consensus

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Economics: production of food and other products that people need and want

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Three Processes Involved in Making a Living 1. Turning resources into products 2. Consumption of products 3. Exchange

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Reciprocity: the exchange of goods and resources without using money

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Generalized Reciprocity: the exchange of gifts without the expectation of any return gift at any specific time. The donor will keep on giving even though it may not be possible for the recipient to reciprocate for a very long time. It occurs between close relatives and it is the dominant form of exchange in hunter gatherer societies

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Balanced Reciprocity: the donor expects a return of relatively equal value soon or at some specified future time. It does not necessarily occur between close relatives and the donor may try to impose sanctions if the gift is not reciprocated. It is characterized by an absence of bargaining between the parties.

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Negative Reciprocity: is like market exchange without using money. It can take the form of barter (bargaining). It is motivated by the desire to obtain material goods at minimal costs.

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Redistribution: the collection of resources by a centralized authority who then redistributes them in ways that are beneficial to all.

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Tribute: example of redistribution; the practice of subjects contributing goods to the chief who decides how to redistribute them

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Market Exchange: dominant form of exchange in industrial societies.

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Market Exchange requires: 1. money or some kind of currency 2. private ownership of property and other goods 3. prices are determined by the law of supply and demand

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Market Economy: an economy that is organized around market principles - Market principles include:

1. the fact that nearly all privately-owned goods and services are bought and sold 2. most people make their living selling their labor or goods on the market 3. supply and demand determine the allocation the factors of production 

Political Systems: organize and direct the collective actions of a society

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Basic forms of Political Organization: 1. Bands 2. Tribes 3. Chiefdoms 4. States

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Composite Bands: Mainly hunted migratory game animals such as bison or caribou, headed by "Big Men" who were leaders of larger groups of people composed of several unrelated extended families; "Big Men" led by persuasion and were not formal leaders with any real authority

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Tribes: formally organized institutions that united scattered communities; egalitarian (like hunters and gatherers); tribes leaders relied on persuasion and consensus; leadership roles not hereditary life chiefdoms

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Chiefdoms: highly centralized and formal political systems; ranked societies; chiefs led by decree and had political as well as religious power; role of chief was hereditary and usually fell to eldest son; redistribution was important form of economic exchange

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State: day to day governing carried out by bureaucracy; multiethnic population; market economy; kinship no longer important organizing role of society; highly stratified into minimally elites, commoners, and slaves; where differences in power and access to resources were very great and where these classes were endogamous; upward mobility was almost nonexistent...