Humanitarian intervention (7 May) PDF

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International Relations 7 May Humanitarian intervention

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What is humanitarian intervention? The Norm of Non-Intervention Key principles of Humanitarian Intervention The Responsibilities to Protect- norm/dominant thought to HI

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Justify using military force, good intentions- humanitarianism has to do with thiswhy is this so controversial

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Expectations- don’t use force against other states when there are issues

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Ideals behind it Causes/consequences

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Taiwan Genocide- holocaust, a just war When population asks for help, Libya- civil war, pleading for help from outsiders, pleas sympathetically. Support those who are suffering- the underdog, the weaker group, state using force against its own population- consider military support,

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Consequences beyond a small group of people, issues discussed in UN, UN is there to protect and to uphold peace and security, is this an international situation- refugee flows? Security Council-

What is humanitarian intervention

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Use of military force by a state or group of states for the alleviation of a humanitarian crisis in another state Goes beyond position of aid, diplomacy, application of sanctions etc. Intervention in the Syria civil war?

Formed from groups like the Red Cross- purpose- did not take the position of the state in armed conflict- help those who were suffering, state had produced violence and created suffering- no one prepared to help those people. No commitment, state-produced violence. Humanitarianism is something other than the state, values of humanity in general, regardless of political commitments. Killing for humanitarianism, Necessarily about taking lives and political sides to alleviate suffering o Missing 2019 NZ Red Cross aid worker- should her name have been released. Why was she working in areas where IS were operating? Red cross is a neutral organisation, don’t care for the killing of other people. o Some people believe the work Red Cross does is humanitarian intervention- not accept o Nowadays people are referring to the use of humanitarian intervention with military force o Difference between humanitarianism and humanitarian intervention o Suggestion- is no existing international law that validates human intervention No agreement UK case for bombing Syria, April 2018 Missiles in Syria Finds exception- humanitarian intervention is all about In response to the use of chemical weapons on civilians UK foreign office release statement to make a legal case “permitted under an exceptional basis” “legal basis is humanitarian intervention” stated… If you allow for a principle- it can be manipulated The British government was prepared to claim it does

Illustrates the power and importance of HI, wanted to use this justification, seems to be publicly appealing force in contemporary politics. Whether you think use of force is justified Strong legal norm of non-intervention- existed for centuries

The Norm of Non-intervention

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‘Westphalian’ Sovereignty Principle of non-intervention to maintain peace Not interference with religious state, or internal affairs Avoid recourse to war in the future

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Contemporary International Law - All members shall refrain from the of force - “jurisdiction of any state” - Charter highest piece of international law - Many of the smaller states needed to be at San Francisco conference to sign it, they wanted to be protected from possible interference from great powers - Some case in San Francisco as in Westphalia- purpose: maintain peace, independence, from preventing large powers having a legal right to attack smaller powers - Resolution 2131- 109 states voted, one abstained. - Has no right to intervene for any reason… - Strong sentiment within UN system and charter, subsequent resolutions of general assembly, in favour of law of non-intervention - Still have strong sense that HI is sometimes right thing to do - 1965- protected independence of newly independent states, decolonisation period, ~ new, poor and vulnerable states. It is a anti-colonial view - People still seek exceptions; states pretend to subscribe to these laws in 1965 of non-intervention. But intervention as actions. Context of resolution- US intervenes in Vietnam, stop SE Asia from falling

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Finding exception to the rule

Key Principles of Humanitarian Intervention

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Interference in the domestic affairs of another state for humanitarian purposes

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Attempt to redefine sovereignty, not in terms of exclusive power but to shift it into more of a moral idea. That it is not just about power, control and exclusion from internal affairs… it is about meeting responsibilities, conduct… theory of constructivism- Schmidt- Moral Purpose of State- argument- current post-War era UN-era, moral purpose of state is closely entwined with issues of human rights. Expectation- uphold human rights of humans within their boundaries. Constructivist perspective- sovereignty has meant different things in different points of history. Implies a responsibility to protect our people. Post-Cold War Era- was the human rights era- everyone was in agreementmarket liberalism was values the entire world would embrace- people think what it means for state sovereignty and HI

The Importance of human rights and popular sovereignty - Michael Reisman - Idea of humanitarianism has changed. Out of date- that states have ultimate power within boundaries and that no one has any say in that- authoritarian perspective. Think of new sovereignty- it is premised on the idea that the people hold the power- it is a very liberal view of sovereignty- popular sovereignty. Power is dispersed amongst the people as a whole. Sovereignty is shared by the entire population- conditional on respect of human rights. It cant be unconditional that states can do whatever they like within their boundaries. Premised on adequate protection and upholding rights of citizens- states upholding rights of citizens can only really be considered to be sovereigns states. - States are now decolonised. - States are interconnected, interested in human rights. - Democracies - Being a sovereign state is conditional on good behaviour. If you fail, use excessive force against population, then you are not a sovereign state, not the new definition of sovereignty, then you don’t get the protection from the rules of non-intervention= then it becomes legal for other states to intervene to uphold their rights. Ideas of universal values. - Old and new sovereignty - Solidarism- solidarity for people on a global scale, goes against state boundaries. Importance of liberalism and cosmopolitan thinking. Concern for people on a global scale. Redefining sovereignty- allows us to forge an exception for the rules of non-intervention 

Just war theory - Source from Christian ideology. New Testament- Jesus- love your enemies. Christian theology- whether Christian states can wage war against others - Out of this came the ideas of just war theory - May be a good moral case for waging war. Whole sale importance. - Principles of just war theory- just cause- has to be a good moral reason in protecting other people against abuses

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Just cause

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Right intention- alleviate problem

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Right authority- who is the right authority? Most would say UN Security Councilthere is debate, that it should be a last resort

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Last Resort-

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Reasonable prospects of success- should be a reasonable chance of success, use diplomatic options beforehand. Shouldn’t launch an attack if it is likely you are going to lose, people die and there is no success. It immunises great powers. Only small weak states will face an intervention of this kind

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Proportional Means- any force should be used in proportion to the wrong that is being corrected. Bombing in Syria- proportionality is there

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

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Somalia famine Consequence of Civil War Human intervention UN Peace Keeping force 1992 went in Became a US led mission- difficulty of providing aid to suffering Black Hawk Down- plane shot down Immediate withdrawal from HI- start to think about national interest Rwanda, Bosnia and Kosovo Kosovo- break up of Yugoslavia

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The Kosovo Intervention of 1999: No UNSC authorisation NATO carried it out, China and Russia against it Bombardment of Serbia Concessions made by Sovian president Legal? Claimed it was humanitarianism ‘illegal but legitimate’- contrary to international law, but moral on moral groundsunclear Commissions set up to answer this

The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)

 The Responsibility to Protect Report, November 2001  Protection of civilians in conflict situations

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R2P- sovereignty entails about being responsible for the protection of citizens within country Non-intervention. If state follows in its own ability to protect… passed to international community… may need the use of force Idea- this should be promoted, promoted by norm cascade (constructivism) become normal thinking of International Politics Role of the security council Restrain the veto- Idea more openness, not use veto unless it threatens national security If the UN don’t uphold responsibilities, then people lose faith in them

The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) • The Responsibility to Protect Report, November 2001 ‘Sovereignty as Responsibility’ • “where a population is suffering serious harm ... non-intervention yields to the international responsibility to protect [the people]”. • A new norm of international relations? • Security Council reform? • “The permanent five members of the SC should agree not to apply their veto power, in matters where their vital state interests are not involved, to obstruct the passage of resolutions authorizing military intervention for human protection purposes…” • If UNSC “fails to discharge its responsibility to protect in conscience-shocking situations crying out for action, concerned states may not rule out other means to meet the gravity and urgency of that situation – and that the stature and credibility of the UN may suffer thereby.”

Libya 2011 Development of the R2P 

Three Parts of the 2001 ICISS Report - The responsibility to prevent - The responsibility to react- when military intervention is justified- should be a range of crimes that should act as triggers. When is it legitimate- no further advanced afterwards? Controversy- use of military force. Advocates have turned towards the first part. Don’t want to talk about military intervention. Want to talk about conflict prevention rather than reacting to it, for R2P. Could be seen as an abdication of 2001 responsibilities. Failed interventions in 2011 in Libya- 8 years later- Libya is still in crisis- it could be argued they neglected part three - The responsibility to rebuild. To make sure something stable forms

2005 UN World Summit - Coming together of states - R2P included, Strong statement of content. Promote norm of responsibility to protect - Two paragraphs- R2P - Only mechanism for authorising HI is through security council under international law - Advocates saw it as a success, amounted to fact international law is not changing. Existing international law is enough. Does not lead much to material change - Para 138-139 UN World Summit Outcomes document - Must go through SC and existing international law - UN: “Clear and unambiguous acceptance by all governments of the collective international responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. Willingness to take timely and decisive collective action for this purpose, through the Security Council, when peaceful means prove inadequate and national authorities are manifestly failing to do it.” The ‘Three Pillars’ of R2P - Ban Ki-Moon- published report that laid out three pillars of R2P. restatement of earlier ideas, different framework -

State responsibility- states have primary responsibility to protect citizens

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Capacity building and prevention- international community has responsibility to ensure states are meeting their responsibility to protect population

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Timely reaction from international community- state is failing, can’t return it to peaceful state. International community should respond in a timely manner- use of military force. Problem- still has to go through UN Security Council. No new law to justify waging war. Libya looms large over debate, as does Syria. Issue in Venezuela- potential US intervention there- humanitarianism

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Morals go in different direction to politics

International Relations Quiz Part 1

Feminism 1. What are 3 types of feminism   

Liberal Feminism Standpoint Feminism Radical Feminism

2. What principle is important to liberal feminism Principle of equality 3. True or False: Radical Feminists challenge gender divisions and they believe it is not just about biological differences between men and women. True 4. Finish: Standpoint feminists believe that women need to be more included in politics because they bring a unique _____ of women to politics. Perspective 5. What type of relationship do feminists believe there is between men and women? An unequal relationship. 6. What are the dominant gender narratives in the war on terror? - Islam and women - ‘Lifting the veil’ 7. What is the theory ____ ceiling and what it is? Glass ` something that restricts women’s rights- break through! 8. Name at least one feminist text that addresses the gender narrative of security - Jean Bethlee Eishtan- Just Warriors and Beautiful Souls - Carol Cohn ‘Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals 1987.’

Constructivism 1. True or false: Constructivists believe that identity is seen as being intersubjective True 2. What is the focus of constructivists?

Ideas, culture, norms, perspectives 3. What are the three core principles of Constructivism? 1. Mutual constitution of agents and structures (mutual feedback between states and the institutions) 2. Anarchy is what states make of it- institutions can control anarchical tendencies of states 3. State identity formation and transformation of interests (interests redefined in relation to identity) 4. True or false: Constructivist believe that states have fixed identities False they believe that state identities have changed throughout history and that it is defined by interests and norms as a part of the norm life cycle. 5. Since Constructivists downplay the importance of material power then what do they believe drives change? Possible answers- ideas, social interaction, morals, the way in which power is deployed etc. 6. Finish the sentence… The Modern eras rationale of state has increasingly led to the protection of ____ rights? Individual 7. What are the three stages of the norm cycle according to constructivists? 1. Norm Emergence 2. Norm Cascade 3. Norm Internalisation 8. What is Norm Cascade? When people start to agree with it.

Humanitarian Intervention 1. What does “Westphalian” Sovereignty mean? It is the concept of non-intervention to maintain peace. 2. A key principle of humanitarian intervention is Just-War Theory. List at least three reasons for the justification of military intervention in another states domestic affairs (HI) Must have - a just cause - the right intention - right authority… which is… the United Nations Security Council - used as last resort after diplomacy - a reasonable prospect of success - proportional means- that the response matches the wrong that is being corrected

3. Who is the authority that authorises states military intervention in another state’s domestic affairs? The United Security Council and their 5 members 4. There are three principles to the 2001 ICISS Report which are the Responsibility to Prevent, Protect and _______? Rebuild

5. Which country did the UK bomb as a part of humanitarian intervention in 2018 and what was it in response to? Syria Chemical weapons attacks on Syrian civilians

Marxism 1. What is the base in the ‘base and superstructure’ Marxist model? Means of production and relations of production.

2. What are the two “great classes” that are in the class conflict? Proletariat and bourgeoise.

3. What is the focus of Marxism? Economic inequality 4. Which revolution is the most connected with Marxism? The October Russian Revolution 1917 and the Russian Civil War

5. Who wrote the Communist Manifesto 1840? A political pamphlet by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

6. What is a contemporary heir to Marxist thought? Gramscianism 7. What notion forms a 'keystone' of Gramsci's reassessment of Marxism? Hegemony- leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.

Capitalism, Gramsci suggested, maintained control not just through violence and political and economic coercion, but also through ideology. The bourgeoisie developed a hegemonic culture, which propagated its own values and norms so that they became the "common sense" values of all....