You May Ask Yourself: chapters 7-11 PDF

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Chapter summaries of You May Ask Yourself sixth edition. Notes for chapter 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Very thorough for each chapter. ...

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Sunday ,Oct ober9,y

Chapt er7-St r at i ficat i on Views of Inequality

-St r at i ficat i on-i ssy st emat i ci nequal i t i esbet weengr oupsofpeopl et hatar i seas i nt endedoruni nt endedconsequencesofsoci al pr ocess esandr el at i onshi ps.

-JeanJacquesRousseau •gr eat l yi nfluencedt hepol i t i cal i deasoft heFr enchRevol ut i onandt hedevel opment ofsoci al i stt hought

•ar guedt hatpr i vat epr oper t ycr eat essoci ali nequal i t yandt hatt hi si nequal i t y ul t i mat el yl eadst osoci alconfli ct

•bel i ev edt her ear et wof or msofi nequal i t y -Physi cal( nat ur al ) -Soci al( pol i t i cal ) -Soci alEqual i t y-acondi t i oni nwhi chnodi ffer encei nweal t h,power ,pr est i ge,orst at us basedonnonnat ur al convent i onsex i st

The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus

-TheScot t i shEnl i ght enmentt hi nker sAdam Fer gusonand JohnMi l l aragr eedwi t h Rouss eaut hatpr i vat epr oper t ycr eat esi nequal i t y ,butar guedt hati t sgood

•becausei tmeanst hatsomepeopl epr osperandcr eat easset s -Asset s-af or m ofweal t ht hatcanbest or edf ort hef ut ur e •Theabi l i t yt ocr eat easset spr ov i desani ncent i vet owor khar dandbepr oduct i ve, whi chi nt ur nl eadst ohi gherdegr eesofsoci al or gani zat i onandeffici encyand ul t i mat el yt oani mpr ov edsoci et yandci vi l i zat i on.

-I r onyi si nequal i t yi sar esul tofsur pl us

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-ThomasMal t husal sovi ewedi nequal i t yf avor abl y ,butonl yasameansf orcont r ol l i ng popul at i ongr owt h.

•Het houghtamor eequal di st r i but i onofr esour ceswoul di ncr easet hewor l d’ s popul at i ont ounsust ai nabl el ev el sandul t i mat el ybr i ngaboutmassst ar vat i onand confli ct .

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

-Geor gWi l hel m Fr i edr i chHegel ’ smast er –sl avedi al ect i cposi t edt hatmostsoci al r el at i onshi psi nt hewor l dwer ebasedonamast er –sl avemodeli nwhi cht hemast er becomesasdependentont hesl av east hesl avei sont hemast er .

•al sobel i evedt hatovert i mesoci et ywoul dhavemor eandmor ef r eepeopl eandt he mast er –sl av emodel woul ddi eoutast hepr i mar ysoci al r el at i onshi p.

•Di al ect -at wodi r ect i onalr el at i onshi p,f ol l owi ngapat t er ni nwhi chanor i gi nal st at ementort hesi si scount er edwi t hanant i t hesi sl adi ngt oaconcl usi ont hatuni t es t hest r engt hsoft heor i gi nalposi t i onandt hecount er ar gument s

Standards of Equality

-Equal i t yofOppor t uni t y-t hei deat hatev er y onehasanequalchancet oachi eve weal t h,soci al pr est i ge,andpowerbecauset her ul esoft hegame,sot ospeak,ar et he samef orever y one

-Bour geoi sSoc i et y-asoci et yofcommer ce( moder ncapi t al i stsoci et yf orexampl e)i n whi cht hemaxi mi zat i onofpr ofiti st hepr i mar ybusi nessi ncent i ve

-Equal i t yofCondi t i on-t hei deat hatev er y onet hatev er y oneshoul dhav eanequal st ar t i ngpoi nt

•mor epr ogr essi vei dea -Equal i t yofOut come-t hei deat hateachpl ay ermustendupwi t ht hesameamount r egar dl essoft hef ai r nessoft he“ game”

•mostr adi cal ,mostant i bour geoi s,mostant i capi t al i st

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-Fr eeRi derPr obl em-t henot i ont hatwhenmor et hanoneper soni sr esponsi bl ef or get t i ngsomet hi ngdone,t hei ncent i v ei sf oreachi ndi vi dualt odr i nkr esponsi bi l i t yand hopeot her swi l l putt heext r awei ght

Forms of Stratification

-St r at i fiedsoci et i esar et hosewher ehumangr oupswi t hi nt hem ar er ank ed hi er ar chi cal l yi nt ost r at a,al ongoneormor esoci al di mens i ons

-Est at eSy st em-apol i t i cal l ybasedsy st em ofst r at i ficat i onchar act er i zedbyl i mi t ed soci al mobi l i t y

•bestexempl i fiedi nt hesoci alor gani zat i onoff eudalEur opeandt hepr e–Ci vi l War Amer i canSout h.

-Cast eSy st em-i sasy st em ofst r at i ficat i onbasedonher edi t ar ynot i onsofr el i gi ous andt heol ogi cal pur i t yandgener al l yoffer snopr ospect sf orsoci almobi l i t y

• Thevar nasy st em i nI ndi ai st hemostcommonexampl et odayofacast es yst em. -Cl assSy st em-i saneconomi cal l ybasedhi er ar chi cal sy st em ofst r at i ficat i on char act er i z edbysomewhatl oosesoci almobi l i t yandcat egor i esbasedonr ol esi nt he pr oduct i onpr ocessr at hert hani ndi vi dual char act er i st i cs( cohesi v e,opposi t i onal gr oups)

•i mpl i esaneconomi cbasi sf ort hef undament alcl eavagesi nsoci et y -Kar l Mar xf el tt hatsoci et ywasdi vi dedst r i ct l yi nt ot wocl asses •pr ol et ar i at -wor ki ngcl ass -sel l st hei rl abort ot hebour geoi si ei nor dert or ecei vewagesandt her ebysur vi ve •bour geoi si e-empl oyi ngcl ass -ext r actsur pl usv al uef r om t hepr ol et ar i at -Cont r adi ct or ycl assl ocat i ons-whi chi st hei deat hatpeopl ecanoccupyl ocat i onsi n t hecl assst r uct ur et hatf al l bet weent het wo“ pur e”cl assesdefinedbyMar x

•cr eat edbyEr i kOl i nWr i ght 3

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-I tcanbedi fficul tt odefinecl assbecausecl assmeansdi ffer entt hi ngst odi ffer ent peopl eandbecausepeopl edon’ tal waysfitneat l yi nt oj ustonecat egor y .

-MaxWeber ’ sconceptofcl assi sbasedongr oupi ngpeopl eaccor di ngt ot hev al ueof t hei rpr oper t yorl abori nt hecommer ci al mar k et pl ace.

-St at ushi er ar chysy st em-as yst em ofst r at i ficat i onbas edonsoci alpr est i ge • Thi spr est i gecanbel i nkedt odi ffer entt hi ngs—occupat i on,l i f est yl e,member shi pi n cer t ai nor gani zat i ons—butsoci ol ogi st shavemostof t enst udi edoccupat i onalst at us.

-El i t emassdi chot omysy st em-asy st em ofst r at i ficat i ont hathasagov er ni ngel i t e—a f ewl eader swhobr oadl yhol dt hepowerofsoci et y

•Vi l f r edoPar et ot houghtt hatt hemass eswer ebet t eroffi nsuchasy st em because t hemostski l l edandt al ent edpeopl ewoul dr eacht hegov er ni ngel i t e.

•C.Wr i ghtMi l l svi ewedt hi ssy st em asdanger ousanddet r i ment al asi tconsol i dat es poweri nt hehandsoft hef ewwhowi l lactaccor di ngt ot hei ri nt er est sasoppos edt o t hei nt er est soft hemasses.

-Mer i t ocr acy -soci et ywher est at usandmobi l i t yar ebas edoni ndi vi dual at t r i but es, abi l i t y ,andac hi evement

•Par et oPr i nci pl e’ si dea How is America Stratified Today

-Soci oeconomi cst at us-ani ndi vi dual ’ sposi t i oni nast r at i fiedsoci al or der -I ncome-moneyr ecei v edbyaper sonf orwor k,f r om t r ans f er s( gi f t s,i nher i t ances,or gover nmentassi st ance) ,orf r om r et ur nsoni nvest ment s

-Weal t h-af ami l y’ sori ndi vi dual ’ snetwor t h( t ot al ass et smi nust ot aldebt s) -Uppercl ass -t er mf ort heeconomi cel i t e •I nt heUni t edSt at esi t sassoci at edwi t hi ncome,weal t h,power ,andpr est i ge,but defini t i onsr el at edt ospeci ficl evel sofi ncomeornetwor t hcanvar y .

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-Mi ddl eCl ass -at er m commonl yusedt odescr i bet hosei ndi vi dual swi t hnonmet alj obs t hatpaysi gni ficantmor et hant hepov er t yl i ne

•Ther ei sl i t t l econsens usabouthowt odefinet hemi ddl ecl ass,y etal most90 per centofAmer i cansdefinet hemsel v esasbei ngi nt hemi ddl ecl ass.

•Themi ddl ecl asshashi st or i cal l ybeencomposedofwhi t ecol l arwor ker s,andt he wor ki ngcl assofmanuall abor er s.However ,i nt hepost –Wor l dWarI Ieconomi c boom,t hewor ki ngcl assessent i al l ymer gedwi t ht hemi ddl ecl ass.Hi gherwages gav emanual l abor er saccesst omar k er sofmi ddl ecl assachi ev ementsuchas homeowner shi p,pr ovi di ngt hei rchi l dr enwi t hacol l egeeducat i on,andanampl e r et i r ement ssavi ngs.

-Thei ncomegapbet weenhi ghi ncomeandl owi ncomei ndi vi dual shasi ncr eased dr amat i cal l yovert hel ast30y ear s;anumberofcompet i ngt heor i esexi stast owhy t hi shashappened.

-Pover t yhasanoffici al ,gover nmentdefini t i on,butt her ear el essoffici al cat egor i es suchast hewor ki ngpoorandt henonwor ki ngpoor( somet i mescal l edt he under cl ass) .

•Theseunoffici al cat egor i esdon’ tr epr esentst abl e,homogenousgr oupsbecause peopl eatt hi sendoft hesoci oeconomi cspect r um t endt oshi f ti nandoutofpover t y overt hecour seoft hei rl i ves.

Global Inequality

-Taki ngabr oadvi ewofhi st or y ,i ti scl eart hatgl obali nequal i t yhasi ncr eased dr amat i cal l yi nt hepast500year s.However ,bysomemeasur est her ehasbeena not i ceabl edecr easei ni ncomei nequal i t yi nt hepast20t o30y ear s.

•Onekeyt ot heseconcl usi onsi swhet hery oul ookati nequal i t ywi t hi ndi ffer ent count r i esorbet weencount r i es.

-Manyschol ar shaveex ami nedt hequest i onofwhyEur opedev el opedfir standwhy manyf or mercol oni eshavest r uggl edt oi mpr ov esoci alandeconomi ccondi t i onsf or t hei rpopul at i ons.

•Theor i esr angef r om geogr aphi cdi ffer encest ot hei mpor t anceofsoci al i nst i t ut i ons t ot het ypesofr el at i onshi psdi ffer entcol oni al power shadwi t ht hei rcol oni es. 5

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Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility

-Soci alMobi l i t y-t hemov ementbet weendi ffer entposi t i onswi t hi nasy st em ofsoci al st r at i ficat i oni nanygi vensoci et y ,canbeei t herhor i zont alorver t i calandcant ak e pl aceont hei ndi vi dual orgr oupl ev el

•Hor i z ont al -agr oupori ndi vi dual t r ansi t i oni ngf or m onesoci alst at ust oanot her si t uat edmor eorl essont hesamer ungoft hel adder

-ex-secr et ar ywhochangesfir msbuthassameposi t i on •Ver t i cal -canbeascendi ngordescendi ng -Ascendi ng-r i sesf r om al owerst r at um i nt oahi gheroneorcr eat esanent i r el y newgr oupt hatexi st satahi gherst r at um

-Descendi ng-f r om ahi gherst r at um i nt oal owerst r at um ( i ndi vi dual orgr oup) - St r uct ur al Mobi l i t y-mobi l i t yt hati si nevi t abl ef r om changesi nt heeconomy •suchast heexpansi onofhi ght echj obsi nt hepast20y ear s. •st andsi ncont r astt oex changemobi l i t y -ExchangeMobi l i t y -occur swhenpeopl eessent i al l yt r adeposi t i ons—t henumberof over al l j obsst ayst hesame,wi t hsomepeopl emovi ngupi nt obet t erj obsandot her s movi ngdowni nt owor seones.

-St at usat t ai nmentmodel -l ooksatchangesi noccupat i onal st at usbet ween gener at i ons ,buti ti ncl udesf act or ssuchaseducat i onalat t ai nment ,i ncome,andt he pr est i geofaper son’ sfir stj ob.

-Theest at et axi nt heUni t edSt at esi sr el at edt ot hei ssueofst r at i ficat i onbecausei t goest ot hehear tofquest i onsabouthowt opr omot ebusi nessgr owt h,howweal t h shoul dbedi st r i but ed,howt oencour agemer i t ocr acy ,andhowt obui l damor e equi t abl esoci et y .

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Chapt er8-Gender Mars and Venus

-JohnGr aywr ot eabook ,“ Menar ef r om Mar s,Womenar ef r om Venus ” •hear guesmenandwomendi ffersof undament al l yi nt hei rval ues,at t i t udes, t houghtpr ocesses,r ef er ences,andbehavi orpat t er nst hatwemi ghtaswel l bef r om di ffer entpl anet s

-Femi ni sm-aconsci ous nessr ai si ngmovementt ogetpeopl et ounder st andt hat genderi sanor gani zi ngpr i nci pl eofl i f e.Theunder l yi ngbel i efi st hatwomenandmen shoul dbeaccor dedequaloppor t uni t i esandr espect

-Genderst r uct ur essoci al r el at i onsonunequalgr ound,t huspoweri sf undament al l yat pl aywhenwet al kaboutgenderdi ffer ences.

-Sex-t hebi ol ogi caldi ffer encest hatdi st i ngui shmal esf r om f emal es -Sexual i t y-desi r e,sexual pr ef er ence,andsexual i dent i t yandbehavi or -Gender -asoci alposi t i on;t hesetofsoci al ar r angement st hatar ebui l tar ound nor mat i v esexcat egor i es

Sex: A Process in the Making

-Thest udyofgenderi nvol vesl ooki ngver ycl osel yatt her el at i onshi pbet weennat ur e andnur t ur eandnotassumi ngt hatoneover shadowst heot herort hatt her ei sacl ear l i nesepar at i ngt het wo.

-I ti scommont ot hi nkt hatt her ear eonl yt wosex es—mal eandf emal e—andt hatal l peopl ef al l i nt oonegr ouport heot her ,andi ndeedt hi si sawayofi mpos i ngor deri na chaot i cwor l d.Butt her ei sevi dencet osuggestt hatweneedt oembr aceamor e expansi vedefini t i onofsex,onet hatgoesbeyondt wor i gi danddi st i nctcat egor i es.

-TheAnci entGr eekst houghtt hatt her ewasonebody ,t hemal ebody ,andt hatt he f emal ebodywasi t si nver si on.Thi snot i onendur edunt i lt hemi dei ght eent hcent ur y .

-Essent i al i sm-al i neoft houghtt hatexpl ai nssoci al phenomenai nt er msofnat ur al ones 7

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-Bi ol ogi cal det er mi ni sm-al i neoft houghtt hatexpl ai nssoci al behavi ori nt er msofwho y ouar ei nt henat ur al wor l d

What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or Man)?

-Wecanexpandourunder st andi ngofgenderdi ffer encesbyexami ni ngot hercul t ur es t oseehowt heyconst r uctgenderandbyl ooki ngbacki nhi st or yt oseehowi deas aboutgenderhavechanged.

•hi j r asi nI ndi a -Wei mposer i gi dboundar i est omai nt ai nagenderor der ,buti fwwl ookathowgender s yst emsvar y ,wecanexposet hoseboundar i esassoci al const r uct i ons

-Hegemoni cmasc ul i ni t y -t hecondi t i oni nwhi chmenar edomi nantandpr i vi l eged,and t hi sdomi nanceandpr i vi l egei si nvi si bl e

•However ,t henot i onoft hei dealmanhaschangedovert i me,onceagai npr ovi ng t hatgenderi snotar i gi d,unchangi ngcat egor y .

-GenderRol es-set sofbehavi or al nor msassumedt oaccompanyone’ sst at usasa mal eorf emal e

•However ,t her ei smuchevi denceshowi ngt hatgenderr ol eshav emor et odowi t h soci al st at ust hanbi ol ogy .

The Woman Question

-Awi der angeoft heor i esandappr oacheshavebeenappl i edt ot hest udyofgender , i nc l udi ngst r uct ur alf unct i onal i sm,psy choanal yt i ct heor y ,confli ctt heor y , mi cr oi nt er act i oni stt heor y ,post moder nt heor y ,mi ddl er anget heor i es,andi deasf r om bl ackf emi ni st s.Eachper spect i vehascont r i but edt oourunder st andi ngofgender di ffer encesandgenderr ol es,andnodoubtot hert heor i esorappr oacheswi l l emer ge i nt hef ut ur e.Whenassessi ngt hesev ar i ousappr oaches,i ti si mpor t antt oaskhow usef uleachonei sf orexpl ai ni ngpeopl e’ sexper i encesandbehavi or .

-Pat r i ar chy-anear l yuni ver sal sy st em i nvol i ngt hesubor di nat i onoff emi ni ni t yt o mascul i ni t y

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-The“ womanquest i on” -Whatexpl ai nst henear l yuni v er sal domi nanceofmenover women?Whati st her ootofpat r i ar chy?

-St r uct ur al Funct i onal i sm-t heor et i cal t r adi t i oncl ai mi ngt hatev er ysoci et yhascer t ai n st r uct ur es( t hef ami l y ,t hedi vi si onofl abor ,orgender )t hatexi stt of ul fil l somesetof necessar yf unct i ons( r epr oduct i onoft hespeci es,pr oduct i onofgoods , . . )

-Sexr ol et heor y-Tal cot tPar son’ st heor yt hatmenandwomenper f or mt hei rsexr ol es asbr eadwi nner sandwi ves/mot her s,r espect i vel y ,becauset henucl earf ami l yi st he i deal ar r angementi nmoder nsoci et i es,f ul fil l i ngt hef unct i onofr epr oduci ngwor k er s

-Psychoanal yt i ct heor i esaboutgenderf ocusoni ndi vi dual i st i cexpl anat i onsf orgender di ffer encesasopposedt osoci et alones.I nher enti nt heset heor i esi st henot i ont hat nat ur aldi ffer encesexi stbet weenmenandwoment hatdi ct at ehowt heybehave.

•Si gmundFr eud -Confli ctt heor i st smi xedol dschoolMar xi sm wi t hf emi ni sm t ocl ai mt hatgender ,not cl ass,wast hedr i vi ngf or ceofhi st or y

•i nacapi t al i stsoci et y-womenhaveadi sadv ant age •whenwomenar esubor di nat e,menbenefit •Soci al i stf emi ni st sar guet hatal l soci alr el at i ons,i ncl udi ngr el at i onsbet ween wor ker sandt heowner soft hemeansofpr oduct i on,st em f r om unequalgender r el at i ons .

-Mi cr oi nt er act i oni stTheor i es •Soci alconst r uct i oni st sar guet hatgenderi sapr ocessi nwhi chpeopl epar t i ci pat e wi t hever ysoci al i nt er act i on.

•Genderi sal soapr ocess,associ al const r uct i oni st shavear gue -Bl ackf emi ni st shavepoi nt edoutt hatgenderdoesn’ tf unct i oni navacuum andt hat genderst udi esmustt ak ei nt oaccountt hatnosi ngl ecat egor yofwomenormen exi st s.I ndeedsomewomenar enotonl ymor epr i vi l egedt hanot herwomenbutar e evenmor epr i vi l egedt hansomemen.

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-Somepost moder nt heor i st squest i ont hewhol enot i onof“ woman”asasepar at e, st abl ecat egor yandquest i ont heval ueandappr opr i at enessofWest er nschol ar s appl yi ngt hei rcul t ur al l ogi ct ot hest udyofnonWest er nsoci et i es.

Sociology in the Bedroom

-Muchl i k egenderdi ffer ences,sexual pr act i cesv ar yacr osst i meandpl ace,whi ch suppor t st henot i ont hatsexual i t yi sasmuchasoci alconst r uctasgenderi s.

-Pr i sonr apei sanactofdomi nance,andt hehomosexualacti sseenassomet hi ng al t oget herdi st i nctf r om homosexual i dent i t y

-Somef emi ni st sseesexual i t yasanexpr essi onoft heunequaldi st r i but i onofpower bet weenmenandwomenandar guet hatwomendon’ tr eal l ychoosehet er osexual i t y buthavei ti mposedont hem byamal edomi nat edsoci et y .

-Homosexual -t hesoci ali dent i t yofaper sonwhohassexual at t r act i ont oand/ or r el at i onswi t hot herper sonsoft hesamesex

•aconceptori dent i t yt hatemer gedi nt hemi dni net eent hcent ur y . -Mi chelFoucaul tr el at est heemer genceoft hehomosexuali dent i t yt ot hedevel opment ofst at esandsci ent i ficdi sci pl i nesandadesi r ei nbot har enast omoni t orand cat egor i zepeopl eandbehavi or .

•Foucaul tal soi nt r oducedt henot i ont hatsel f sur v ei l l ancei saf or m ofsoci al cont r ol -HookupCul t ur e Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind

-Sexi sm-occur swhenaper son’ ssexorgenderi st hebasi sf orj udgment , di scr i mi nat i on,andhat r edagai nsthi m orher

-St udi esshowt hatgenderi nequal i t yi sr ampanti nschool s.Boyandgi r l sar et r eat ed di ffer ent l ybyt eacher sanddi ffer entexpect at i onsexi stf ort hei rbehavi orand per f or mance.Thet ext booksandot hermat er i al susedi nschool sof t enr ei nf or ce genderst er eot ypes.

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Sunday ,Oct ober9,y Whi l ewomenar easi gni ficantpar toft hewor kf or cet oday ,t heyst i l lf acemany chal l engesi nt hewor ki ngwor l d,i ncl udi ngunequalpay ,sexualhar assment ,sexi sm, t r acki ngt ocer t ai nki ndsofj obs ,t he“ f emi ni zat i on”ofj obs ,t hegl asscei l i ng,andmor e.

•sexualhar assment -ani l l egalf or m ofdi scr i mi nat i on,i nvol vi ngever yt hi ngf r om i nappr opr i at ej ok esont hej obt oout r i ghtsexual assaul tt osexual ‘ bar t er ’ -al l i nt endedt omakewomenf eeluncomf or t abl eandunwel come,par t i cul ar l yont hej ob

-Whenwomendoobt ai nposi t i onst hatar et ypi cal l ydomi nat edbymen,t heyf ace enor mouspr essur e.Ther ei sasenset hatal l womenwi l l bej udgedbasedont hei r per f or mance,andt heyar eof t encaughti naCat ch22wi t hr egar dt ot hei rbehavi or .I f t hey“ actj ustl i k eaman, ”t heyar eseenasunf emi ni neandsomehowunat t r act i ve;i f t heyexhi bi tmor ef emi ni nequal i t i es,t heyar eseenas“ nott oughenough. ”

-Gl asscei l i ng-ani nvi si bl el i mi tonwomen’ scl i mbupt heoccupat i onall adder -Menwor ki ngi nf emal edomi nat edfiel dsdon’ tseem t of acet hesamescr ut i...