Humanities 2020 Test 1 Review PDF

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Professor Sazanov HUM 2020

Humanities 2020 Test 1 Review Chapter 1  Cave paintings- found in Europe (France and Spain), Africa, Australia, and North America  Lascaux- includes one of the few cave paintings that depict a human figure  Chauvet- contains the most accomplished prehistoric cave drawings ever discovered; most sophisticated  Willendorf Venus- found in Willendorf, Austria; made of limestone; artist worked from the natural navel indentation  Where did an agricultural society develop last? First two: Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Egypt; Last two: England and Americas (Mexico)  Which river is associated with ancient China? Yellow River  Which river is associated with ancient India? Indus and Ganges  Evidence of the first Neolithic societies was found in which area of the world? Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkey  Prehistory- study of history before the appearance of written records  Homo sapiens- burial of the dead; they bury their dead  Stonehenge- Neolithic era; in England (Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England); astronomical observatory; only piece of megalithic architecture  Animism- belief that a soul or spirit can inhabit an inanimate object

Chapter 2

 First urban civilizations- (urban=cities) 4,000 B.C.; “Bronze Age”; Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Iran, Iraq

 Writing- Sumerians invented in 3200 BC where cuneiform developed; writing invented for record keeping and accounting (business-used clay tokens previously) (maybe 1% of people were taught to read and write; literacy was a highly valued school/skill)

 Cuneiform- wedge-shaped writing (of Sumerians, 3200 BC); straight-line script made with a triangular-tipped stylus, or writing tool, cut from reeds (* star symbolized a divinity/deity indicator-whatever follows it is going to be the name of the god/goddess or priest/priestess)

 Polytheism- belief in multiple gods and goddesses connected to the forces of nature (sun/sky, water/storm, earth/its fertility); ill-tempered; religion of Mesopotamia

 Sumerian inventions- Cuneiform writing, the wheel, Potter’s wheel, sailing ship, pickaxe, brick mold, glass, 60 based counting system: (60 mins. to an hour, 360 degrees to a circle), number positioning, beer, epic poetry

 Sargon I- King of the Akkadians; world’s 1st emperor; said “I’m going to conquer the 4 Quarters of the World”

 Monotheism- worshipped one single God: Yahweh; Judaism- 1st monotheistic religion; Hebrew Bible denounces polytheism and worship of gods made by human hands (HEBREWS-Judaism-Jewish); Because of Abraham there is monotheism- originates in Ur, goes past west of Iraq into Israel

 Copper and tin make? Bronze

 Stone Gateway Monument from the Khorsabad Palace of Sargon II- “Human-Headed Winged Bull;” composites- part man (face), part bull (body), part eagle (wings), the bull signifying the king’s strength and the eagle his vigilance; the beast has five legs- from the front he stands firmly and from the side he seems to stride by (symbolic bc of the Crown of the Akkadians)

 The Temple in Jerusalem- “Solomon’s Temple;” Solomon built in Israel- Jerusalem (dates to 900 BC); Western Wall still stands- “wailing wall;” you can go underground to see some of the walls of the original temple (Mosque is above old temple where Mohammad ascended into heaven)

 The Destruction of Jerusalem- destroyed twice; 586 B.C.- Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonians) destroyed the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem; 70 A.D.- destroyed by Romans

 Ancient Babylon’s Processional Way- ran from the Euphrates Bridge past the Marduk ziggurat and ended at Ishtar Gate (all in Babylon, Iraq)

 The Blessing of Inanna- how Inanna became a goddess (gods getting drunk); Enki gave her all 80 of his mighty powers; she returned to Uruk blessed as a god; she and Enki probably represent the spirits of their respective cities and the victory of Uruk over Eridu; “The story has some basis in fact, since Uruk and Eridu are the two oldest Mesopotamian cities, and surviving literary fragments suggests that the two cities were at war sometime after 3400 BCE” (God Enki- Eridu) (Goddess Inanna- Uruk) (Uruk and Eridu had a war around 3400 BC-Uruk won)

 Which river is associated with Egypt? Nile River  Which river is associated with ancient Mesopotamia? Tigris and Euphrates

 Standard of Ur- Main panels called “War” (front) and “Peace” (back) because it illustrates military victory on one side and on the other a banquet with musicians

 Head of an Akkadian Man- the first existing monumental work made by the lost-wax casting technique

 Social perspective (hierarchy of scale)- most important figures are represented larger than the others (kings/gods/priests represented as larger than the others [servants, slaves]) “levels of size” – less important = smaller figures

 Sacred marriage Ritual of Iddin-Dadan+Inanna- Ninegalla- “lady of the palace;” New Year’s Day was celebrated in Spring (related to fertility); Iddin-Dadan made sure everything (bedspread) was perfect for soon to be “Inanna;” specific by mentioning ‘for the loins of Iddin-Dagan she bathes them in water/ how Holy Inanna rubs herself with soap, sprinkled the floor with cedar perfume;’ (Iddin-Dagan becomes the god ‘Amaushumagal-anna’); they spent the night together (EXPLICIT!), then there is the wedding banquet; [His loving consort has the arm around his shoulders]- symbolizes she has higher power than he does; (Inanna- Queen, goddess) (Iddin-Dagan- Ama-ushumagalanna god); whole story is about what gives the king authority to rule- you have to have divine right (part king –part god) (before 2000 BC in Southern Mesopotamia) (Algar instruments and lyre are sophisticated!)  Hammurabi’s Law Code- not the 1st law code, but was the most sophisticated and most complete (comprehensive) set of laws found to date (of Babylon) (intro section of the Law Code-divine right) (282 articles)...