Immunology 2 type 1 diabetes mind map PDF

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Summary

Mind map of type 1 diabetes with molecule X. Did not receive full marks but gives a good idea of where to start...

Description

Islets of Langerhans producing β cells

PANCREAS Functioning Pancreas

Immune infiltration via genetic and environmental factors

Type 1 Diabetes

Molecule X

Introduction of Helminth Molecule X to induce protection

Insulin production

Glucose regulated in the blood via insulin

Antigen presentation by β cells to CD8 T cells via MHC I initiates cytotoxic CD8 T cells to target β cells, leading to apoptosis

Ym1, Arg1 and Fizz1 are upregulated (antiinflammatory) genes, iNOS enzyme is downregulated (pro-inflammatory)

Reduced/no insulin in bloodstream to regulate blood glucose levels

Th2 response is induced by cytokines (e.g. IL4) and helminth derived products

Figure 1. A) The pathway of insulin production from the pancreas to its role in glucose uptake in the bloodstream for storage and energy use in the body. Islets of Langerhans are found in the pancreas, secreting cells such as β cells for insulin production to regulate glucose in the blood (Pino, Krugar & Bortell 2011). B) How type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the following effects of dysregulation which start when immune infiltration occurs by genetic and environmental factors (Boldison & Wong 2016). Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as the β cell is crucial for antigen presentation of peptides to T cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells) which results in β cell apoptosis (Cooke 2013). In T1D, β cells are sensitive to damage and employ immune cells by chemokine production which directly damage β cells, inducing enzymes and cytokines that cause cytokine induced apoptosis (Boldison & Wong 2016). The reduced secretion of insulin results in increased blood glucose levels which can lead to neuropathy, nephropathy and blood vessel damage (Introduction to Tutorials 2019). C) The actions of Molecule X as a therapeutic is introduced to abate the pathogenesis of T1D. A helminth product is used to prevent the development of the autoimmune disease by upregulating Ym1, Arg1 and Fizz1 genes to produce an anti-inflammatory response by the development of the T helper 2 (Th2) response to induce healing (Tang et al. 2019).

Functioning insulin and glucose uptake = glucose stored and transported. Homeostasis is maintained

Increased glucose in bloodstream

Homeostasis disrupted. Normal bodily functions decrease

Induced wound healing and anti-hyperglycaemic effect by upregulated genes

References Boldison, J. & Wong, F.S. 2016, ‘Immune and Pancreatic b Cell Interactions in Type 1 Diabetes’, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 856–67. Cooke, A. 2013, 'Immune mechanisms in type 1 diabetes', Cell Press, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 583–91. Pino, S.C., Kruger, A.J. & Bortell, R. 2011, 'The Role of Innate Immune Pathways in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogensis', National Insitutes of Health, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 126–30. Tang, C., Zou, J., Zhang, R., Liu, Z. & Mao, C. 2019, 'Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes : effects and mechanisms', Parasitiology Research, vol. 2, pp. 1087–94. Information gathered from the ‘Introduction to Tutorials’ on UTS, LabArchives...