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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic EducationJAMESBRYANMACARANASPRIMABSE – SOCIALSTUDIES III - 1Methods and Strategies of Teaching Social ScienceMethods and Strategies of teaching social scienceA teacher has to make use of various kinds of methods, devices and techniqu...

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JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS Methods and Strategies PRIMA Teaching Social Science

BYSSE - 111 Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

of

BSE – SOCIAL Methods and Strategies of teaching STUDIES III - 1 social science

A teacher has to make use of various kinds of methods, devices and techniques of teaching. A teacher has to make use of a suitable method for making his teaching meaningful, purposeful, interesting and effective. A good method of teaching can bring out good results even from a weak curriculum. On the other hand a bad method of teaching can make a mess of a good curriculum. Therefore, it can rightly be said that success or failure of teaching depends on its methods. The methods of teaching should be according to the needs and interests of learners. Characteristics of a good teaching method o It should provide a group of related experiences and activities, arranged on an individual as well as group basis. o It should give scope for the creative expression of the child’s individuality.

o It should rouse a large range of interest in the minds of the students. o It should shift emphasis from verbalism and memorization to learning through purposeful, concrete and realistic situations. o It should train the students in the techniques of self-study and the methods of acquiring knowledge through personal effort or intuition. o It should stimulate the desire for further study and explorations. o It should awaken an interest in the materials and techniques used by social scientists. Factors which determine the selection of a teaching method

a) LECTURE METHOD “simply lecture”

means

teaching

through

Ø Teacher explains the matter in simple and understandable manner. Ø The method is particularly used in the secondary classes and above. Ø This method can be used motivate students, to clarify, review and to

to to

expand contents. Ø Lecture method is for imparting authentic,systematic and effective information about some events and trends

§ The nature of the child

Ø It gives the students training in listening

§ The objectives of instruction

Ø It develops good audience habits

§ The nature of the subject matter

Ø It provides opportunities correlating events and subjects

§ Class room environment § Expertise of the teacher who adopts a method . Different Methods of Teaching Social Science

of

Ø It enables the linkage of previous knowledge with the new one Merits § A well prepared and a well delivered lecture can make social studies interesting

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JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS § Lecture gives the teacher an PRIMA to come into immediate opportunity

· Lecturing is against the principle of ‘ learning by doing’

the specific problem in particular and problem solving in general

· An average students may not be able to fix up their attention to a lecture of 40-45 minutes

MERITS

§ Lecture gives the pupils training in in listening and taking rapid notes § Lecture saves time and energy

b)PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD

§ Good lectures stimulate brighter student

Ø ‘How approach

§ It facilitate rapport between the teacher and the taught

Ø In this method the learner is required to solve a problem, making use of his previous knowledge.

BSE – SOCIAL contact with the pupils STUDIES III - 1

§ It is more useful for brilliant students § It helps the others

implementation of

Demerits · Makes students inactive · There is a very little scope for pupil activity · May include irrelevant material · Discourage students

self-effort

by

the

· Every teacher is not expert enough to deliver lecture · The pupil lose opportunity to make self-study · Lecture can soon result in monotony

Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

we

think’

reflects

this

a. It serves as a preparation for adult life b. It develops the power for critical thinking c. It makes pupil active recipient of knowledge d. It develops values of tolerance and open mindedness

Ø According to Dewey ‘the problem fixes the end of thought and the end controls the process of thinking’

e. It helps for the easy assimilation of knowledge

Criteria for problem selection

f. It helps to establish harmonious relations between teacher and pupils

· The problem should be intellectually challenging to children.

DEMERITS

· The problem should not be entirely unfamiliar to the learners it should be related to their previous experience · The problem should be related to a basic human activity

o This method will become monotonous if used too frequently o The problem solving method can easily lead to the selection of trivial and untimely topics

· The problem should have practical relevance

o This is appropriate for developing cognitive competencies,but not for bringing about affective changes

· The problem should have the potential to create interest among in

c) PROJECT METHOD

JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS Project method is PRIMA ideas of the

based upon the great American BSE – SOCIAL Mr. John Deway. The educationalist, STUDIES III - 1 credit of developing these ideas into a method goes to Mr. William Kilpatrick. According to him ‘A project is a whole hearted purposeful activity, proceeding in a social environment’. According to Stevenson: “A project is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting”. According to Deway, Children should be given education to satisfy their needs of life and the school should function like a mini society in which and through the students would acquire education by engaging themselves in a variety of group projects nothing is forced upon children .The teacher acts only as a guide. Steps in project method 1. Providing a situation 2. Choosing the project 3. Planning the project 4. Executing the project 5. Evaluation of the project Merits

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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

Ø It gives freedom to children

Ø It increases work loard of teachers

Ø It enable the children to learn from their own experience

Ø It is an expensive method

Ø It is free from the defects of the text book method Ø It is a natural method of acquiring knowledge Ø It gives training in social adjustment Ø It gives training in democratic way of living Ø It trains the children in solving problems Ø It helps the teacher to understand his pupils Demerits Ø It hampers syllabus

the

completion

of

Ø There is a possibility of giving more importance to less importance Ø It may learning

lead

to

unsystematic

Ø It may lead to monopolization by some students Ø It may disturb the school working system

d)Source Method Source method is that method of teaching in which original sources of information are used to explain a point or variety a fact or establish a principle or describe an event. This method involves activity on the parts of the teachers as well as pupils. Source method can be used in the beginning of the lesson to motivate the pupils. While teaching the topic Mugal empire, he may show them the pictures of Red fort, Tajmahal or Juma masjid. This method can be used during the course of the lesson to develop it and correlate the facts events or principles involved in the lesson. Merits · It develops a sense of vividness and reality · It can satisfy the curiosity among children on the question · The original sources serve as an effective means for creating a right type of atmosphere

JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS · The use of sources provides PRIMA useful mental exercises

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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

certain

BSE – SOCIAL · The method initiates the pupils in STUDIES III - 1 research

· It supplement classroom lesson · It promotes the interest in the study of the subject · It initiates the students in social studies research

mean the supervision by the teacher of a group or class of pupils as they work at their desk or around their tables”

   

Demerits · The method is too complex and technical · It is not always possible for the teacher of school to have easy access to the sources · Use of sources is not easy for the teachers and they are not trained in their use · The source method of teaching social studies is time consuming · The source method of teaching social studies is very expensive e) Supervised Study Method Arthur C Binning and David H Binning describe that “by supervised study we



teacher is always ready to direct and aid them supervised study emphasis individual attention supervised study emphasis individual attention provide better pupil teacher relation development of skills

Main developed skills are………. 1. Skill as to how to read social studies material 2. Skill as to how to use encyclopedias 3. Skill as to how to use dictionaries 4. Skill as to how to use maps atlases,indexes and almanacs. 5. Skillas to how to read graphs Limitations

  

Destroys the supremacy of teachers As they play a secondary role in the teaching learning process It is a costly method bright people is not helped under this



method and in some cases is even hindered by the method It requires the lengthened school day,which is not possible due to various pressures of cocurricular activities.

f) Dramatization Method Dramatization has been described as a ‘synthetic art’, involving the purposive co-ordination and control of the delicate organs of speech and muscles of the body combined with a sense of rhythm, with a view to free and intelligent expression of emotions and ideas. · Drama has its great social value. · It is a co -operative enterprise and develops the qualities of co-operation and social understanding · There are many activities in a drama,and as such students of diverse aptitudes get chance to choose items for which they are best suited and satisfy their urges, e.g.: selfexpression through the various activities of a drama Selection of play

JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS o Plays chosen should depict the evils ofPRIMA the social customs BSE – SOCIAL o A play should have a literary value STUDIES III - 1 also

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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

should work both with the debaters and the class

§ Role playing is dealing with problem through actions

Merits

§ A role is a patterned sequence of feeling words and actions

· It helps in clarifying issues

o The students should be able to understand and appreciate the play o It should also have entertainment value o It should be free from objectional subject matter o There should be no vulgarity in the play

· It develop team spirit · It provides opportunities to the students to speak distinctly · It engenders toleration of views which are at variance Demerits Ø Not suitable for all topics

F Debate

Ø It may create emotional tensions

§ A debate is a programme in which two or more students holding

Ø It may lead to unpleasant feelings

contradictory opinions on a particular problem present arguments § They are also given an opportunity to rebut the opposite side. § After this ,the rest of the class is encouraged to ask question from the debaters or engage discussion with them

in

a

brief

§ A debate has a moderator in order to get significant results, the teacher

Ø It is likely to dominated by a few students Ø It is likely to go off the track g) Role Play § Role playing can be defined as an attempt to make a situation clear or to solve a problem by uncharged dramatization § Role playing is the dramatization of an event or a situation or a process

Purpose of role playing § To motivate or launch units § To culminate units § To change attitudes § To teach values § To teach content having to do with human relationship § To develop citizenship skill by showing both the successful and unsuccessful methods Conducting role playing I. Preparing Ø Preparing for role playing Ø Selecting the players Ø Preparing the audience Ø Preparing the players II. Playing of the roles Ø Keep the role playing short Ø Let the pupils play it out

JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS Ø Do not evaluate PRIMA language

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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

the

acting

BSE – SOCIAL Ø Do not allow evidence to interrupt STUDIES III - 1 III. Following up the enactment Ø Discussion Ø Re-enactment Advantages o Develop deep understanding o Developing problem solving skill and attitudes o Explore subject matter in varied ways o Develop communication

interpersonal

Disadvantages · Pupils who are not well prepared for role playing may not take it seriously · Role playing will not work unless the atmosphere in the classroom is supportive · Pupils find it difficult to enter the roles properly,especially if they are not well briefed on the assignments

· Role playing does not always take the direction one hopes · Role playing is time consuming · For role playing to work well, one needs a group of sensitive, imaginative, open minded pupils who know each other well enough to be at case with each other. Co-operative Learning Is an approach to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. It differs from group work, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence. Cooperative Learning involves structuring classes around small groups that work together in such a way that each group member's success is dependent on the group's success.

ü Students enjoy cooperative learning more than traditional lecture classes, so they are more likely to attend classes and finish the course. ü Cooperative learning helps students develop the skills necessary to work on projects too difficult and complex for any one person to do in a reasonable amount of time. ü Cooperative learning processes prepare students to assess outcomes linked to accreditation Definition: Cooperative learning 





Why Use Cooperative Learning ü Students who engage in cooperative learning learn significantly more, remember it longer, and develop better criticalthinking skills than their counterparts in traditional lecture classes.



Is a method of instruction that has students working together in groups, usually with the goal of completing a specific task. This method can help students develop leadership skills and the ability to work with others as a team. However, gifted students are often placed in groups with nongifted children, sometimes with the goal of having the gifted student help the others, either directly or by example. In these instances, the gifted student is not likely to learn anything new, while the non-

JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS gifted students are not likely to PRIMA develop any leadership skills. BSE – SOCIAL Collaborative Learning STUDIES III - 1

· Collaborative learning is a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together · Unlike individual learning, people engaged in collaborative learning capitalize on one another’s resources and skills,asking one another for information, evaluating another’s ideas, monitoring another’s work, etc..

one one

· More specifically, collaborative learning is based on the model that knowledge can be created within a population where members actively interact by sharing experiences and take on asymmetry roles. Multi media Approach Multimedia refers to content that uses a combination of differentcontent forms. This contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand produced material. Importance

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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

§ Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation,video, or interactivity content forms § Multimedia approach uses a number of media, devices, and techniques in the teaching learning process. § Multimedia approach can convey vast information and provide many sources from which access the information

student

can

§ Multimedia approach will improve the teaching learning process. § Multimedia approach is not restricted to a single type of learning style. It can provide the support of a wide range of activities. § Multimedia approach aims providing meaningful learning

at

experience via a mix of media in order to achieve predetermined objectives. § Multimedia approach provides the opportunity to gain mastery of competencies and skills Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Enabled Learning

ICT is often used as an extended synonym for information technology(IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications, computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audiovisual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. The role of ICT in education is to empower the technology into present educational activities. ICT allows open source learning rather than manual source, hence encouraging students to learn new ideas. ICT also brings about active learning, collaborative, creative, integrative and evaluative aspects to the education sector. DEFINITION Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a generic name used to describe a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving, processing, analysing, and transmitting information. General benefits; Ø Greater efficiency throughout the school.

JAMES BRYAN MACARANAS Ø Communication channels are PRIMAthrough email, discussion increased BSE – SOCIAL groups STUDIES III - 1

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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science Discipline in Basic Education

· Computer use during lessons motivated students to continue using learning outside school hours.

and chat rooms.

Benefits for Students

Ø Regular use of ICT across different curriculum subjects can have a beneficial motivational influence on students’ learning.

· Higher quality lessons through greater collaboration between teachers in planning and preparing resources .

Benefits for Teachers

· Improved pastoral care and behaviour management through better tracking of students

· ICT facilitates sharing of resources, expertise and advice

skills,

· Gains in understanding and analytical skills, including improvements in reading comprehension.

· Easier planning and preparation of lessons and designing materials

· Encouragement of independent and active learning, and self responsibility for learning.

· Access to up-to-date pupil and school data, any time and anywhere.

· Flexibility of ‘anytime, anywhere’ access

· Enhancement of professio...