Inglese grammatica di base PDF

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grammatica di base della lingua inglese...

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Tipologie di Verbi. Stative and Dynamic Verbs "Some English verbs, which we call state, noncontinuous or stative verbs, aren't used in continuous tenses (like the present continuous, or the future continuous). These verbs often describe states that last for some time." Stative Verbs Verbs of thinking: believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose, understand Verbs of the senses: hear, smell, sound, taste, see Verbs of possession: belong to, have (possess), own,

ie. I’m having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break See: I see her now, she’s just coming along the road see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with ie. I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years ie. I’m seeing Robert tomorrow Think: (stative) = have an opinion ie. I think that coffee is great (dynamic) = consider, have in my head ie. what are you thinking about? ie. I’m thinking about my next holiday

Verbs of emotion: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Taste (also Smell/Feel/Look): (stative) = has a certain taste ie. This soup tastes great (dynamic) = the action of tasting ie. The chef is tasting the soup

Verbs of appearance: appear, seem

Strutture delle Frasi. Affermative and Interrogative Sentences

Verbs linked to idea of "have": contain, include, involve, weigh Verbs linked to idea of "be": exist, resamble Just a list of the most common: like, love, hate, know, belong, realise, fit, suppose, contain, want, mean, consist, need, understand, seem, prefer, believe, depend, agree, remember, be, owe, look (=seem), sound, possess, deny, hear, disagree, taste, astonish, smell, imagine, concern, deserve, feel (= have an opinion), mind, recognise, own, appear, see, matter, promise, dislike. Dynamic Verbs "A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb, and usually refers to an action." TEST YOURSELF. PAY ATTENTION. WHICH IS THE WRONG|RIGHT ONE? WHY? She wasn’t agreeing with us. It appears to be raining. This is concerning you. This box is containing a cake. I disagree with you. Are you hearing music? The job is involving a lot of travelling. I am liking reading detective stories. He was impressing me with his story. I’ve been knowing Julie for ten years. This window is measuring 150cm. She is owning two cars. Your idea sounds great. He wasn’t remembering my name. CONSIDER Be: is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’ ie. You are stupid = it’s part of your personality You are being stupid = only now, not usually Have: have a car have (dynamic) = part of an expression

Affermative Positive Sentence (S–V–O) I am a student I have noticed a problem in that statement I will come here before you leave I can dance all night I may stay here till tomorrow morning Affermative Negative Sentence ( S – Aux/Mod + not – V O) I have not noticed a problem in that statement I will not come here before you leave I cannot dance all night I may not stay here till tomorrow morning

Interrogative Positive Sentence ( Aux/Mod – S – V- O ) Do you speak English fluently? Have I noticed a problem in that statement ? Will you go there before you leave ? Can I dance all night ? May I stay here till tomorrow morning ? Interrogative Negative Sentence ( Aux/Mod – S – not - V- O )

Don't you speak English fluently?

Soggetto + predicato nominale es. I am a translator

Have I not noticed a problem in that statement ? (Haven’t I noticed a problem …?) Will I not come here before you leave ? (Woun’t I come here before you leave?) Can I not dance all night ? (Can’t I dance all night?) May I not stay here till tomorrow morning ?

Nel caso però di eventuali ampliamenti e soluzioni più articolare rispetto all’enunciato minimo, l’ordine da seguire è il seguente: 1 - Subject 2 - Verb

TEST YOURSELF. PAY ATTENTION. WHICH IS THE WRONG ONE? WHY? Exciting was the meeting Tommy does play the piano? When Susy goes to London? What you think about planning a new strategy?

3 - Object - Complemento diretto o indiretto (Chi – Che cosa)* 4 - Manner - Espressione o avverbio di modo (Come) 5 - Place - Espressione o avverbio di luogo (Dove)

SINTAX. LA SINTASSI COME COMBINAZIONE DELLE PAROLE Ricordiamo comunque quanto sia importante la sintassi. Questa parte della grammatica studia il modo in cui le parole si combinano tra di loro, infatti, questa parola greca indica “ordinare, unire”.

6 - Time -Espressione o avverbio di tempo (Quando)

ie. All my friends had dinner pleasantly in the garden last week

Cosa Rende Completa una Frase? "A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied together and convey an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and rules regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a terminal punctuation mark (period, question mark or exclamation point). It is important for English writers to know the language of sentence grammar terms in order to be able to analyze and develop their writing" Per rendere più comprensibile il concetto pensate ad una frase (sentence) come ad uno scheletro umano; questo è composto da tantissime ossa le quali, unite tra di loro, creano differenti parti del corpo stesso. Le frasi (sentences), quindi, sono composte da parole (words), vale a dire le ossa, che unite tra di loro i modi differenti fomano appunto le frasi (sentences). Una frase complessa è anche chiamata periodo ed ogni periodo è formato da tante proposizioni (clause) quanto sono i verbi. * Consider In the park a young boy yesterday a black snake bit. Il lettore di questa frase sicuramente avrà non poche difficoltà a capire chi o cosa ha morso chi. Le parole infatti, devono essere piazzate in un ordine ben preciso che, in inglese, ha delle regole abbastanza rigide. La frase e quindi la sequenza corretta delle componenti di questo enunciato è quindi: A black snake bit a young boy in the park yesterday. L’enunciato minimo, ricordiamolo, è costituito dalle seguenti soluzioni Soggetto + predicato verbale es. The girl got up

Ricorda Subject-Verb-Object-Manner-Place-Time o in alternativa l'acronimo SVOMPT (pronounced like swamp). Non devi necessariamente includere tutte e sei le parti ma nel caso fossero tutte presenti, quest'ordine è necessario! The teacher gave an assignment to the students quickly in class yesterday. [subject] [verb] [direct object] [indirect object] [manner] [place] [time] Resta comunque ben chiaro che un tipo classico di ordine delle parole in una struttura frastica basilare sarebbe: Subject-Verb-Direct Object-Indirect Object The teacher gave an assignment to the students. Some Aspects about Direct and Indirect Object A DIRECT OBJECT: is a noun, pronoun or group of words acting as a noun that receives the action of a transitive verb without a linking preposition. A direct object answers the question whom? Or what? The teacher read the story. [the story = direct object] AN INDIRECT OBJECT: is a noun, pronoun or a group of words acting as a noun that answers the question to whom/what ? or for whom/what ? the action expressed by a transitive verb was done. The teacher read the story to the students. [the story = direct object, to the students = indirect object]

RULE 1

1. Soggetto + Verbo John is speaking

a. When the indirect object is proceded by to or for, always put the indirect object after the direct object. (S+V+O + ind. O)

2. Soggetto + Verbo + Predicato John is a web designer

Yes: The teacher gave an assignment to the students. No: The teacher gave to the students an assignment. b. If the indirect object is not preceded by to or for, put the indirect object before the direct object. (S+V+ind O+O) Yes: The teacher gave the students an assignment. [the verb give can be used without to]

3. Soggetto + Verbo + Complemento oggetto (risponde chi, che cosa?) John is reading a book 4. Soggetto + Verbo + Complemento indiretto + Complemento oggetto He sold me his car

RULE 2

5. Soggetto + Verbo + Complemento oggetto + Avverbio di modo + Espressioni di luogo e tempo

When a pronoun is used as an indirect object, some verbs require to or for before the pronoun, while others do not. Consult a dictionary if you are unsure (the best place to look this up is in the example sentences within the entry of the verb in the dictionary).

The guests are having breakfast pleasantly in the garden this morning

The teacher explained the grammar rule to the students. No: The teacher explained them the grammar rule. Yes: The teacher explained the grammar rule to them. [the verb explain follows only one pattern, with to] The teacher gave an assignment to the students. Yes: The teacher gave an assignment to them. Yes: The teacher gave them an assignment. [The verb give follows both patterns, with and without to] When both the direct object and the indirect object are pronouns, put the direct object before the indirect object and use to or for with the indirect object. The teacher gave an assignment to the students. No: The teacher gave them it. Yes: The teacher gave it to them. Yes: The teacher gave them an assignment. [the verb give can also be used without to before indirect object]

La sintassi di una frase composta. Compound Sentence Building

Le frasi composte (Compound sentences) sono costituite da due o più frasi semplici (Simple sentences) indipendenti combinate attraverso l’uso di congiunzioni come and, or, but. The sun was setting in the west, and the moon was just rising." Ciascuna frase può reggersi da sola. The sun was setting in the west. The moon was just rising. Altri esempi: I walked to the shops, but my husband drove.

Sintassi di base: la frase semplice. Simple Sentence Building

I might watch the film, or I might visit my friends.

Una frase semplice contiene un singolo soggetto e predicato. Descrive solo una cosa, un’idea o argomento ed ha solo un verbo; contiene solo una proposizione principale indipendente che si sorregge da sola in quanto esprime un pensiero completo. Anche l’aggiunta di aggettivi ed avverbi non la possono trasformare in una frase complessa:

My friend enjoyed the film, but she didn't like the actor.

ie. The brown dog with the red collar always barks loudly. Anche con l’aggiunta di diversi nomi attraverso l’uso di congiunzioni o diversi verbi allo stesso modo, si parlerà sempre di una frase semplice (Simple sentence). ie. The dog barked and growled loudly. Altri esempi

La sintassi di una frase complessa Complex Sentence Building Descrivono più di una cosa o idea ed hanno più di un verbo in esse. Sono formate da più di una proposizione: da una indipendente o principale che si regge da sola (Main clause) e da una dipendente o subordinata (Subordinate clause) che rimane sintatticamente legata alla prima senza della quale non avrebbe un significato compiuto. My father dislikes dogs that bark. Le proposizioni dipendenti o subordinate (Dependent clauses) possono essere nominali (nominal), avverbiali (adverbial) o aggettivali (Adjectival).

La proposizione nominale contiene un nome preceduto da uno dei seguenti that, if o whether.

(3) Comments

I wondered whether the training was necessary. Comma Una proposizione aggettivale (adjectival clause) contiene uno dei seguenti who, which, o that. went to the show that was very popular. Una proposizione avverbiale (adverbial clause) è una parola o espressione nella frase che funziona da avverbio, in altre parole ci da informazioni su come l’azione svolta dal verbo è stata effettuata. Sono presenti le seguenti congiunzioni subordinative (subordinating conjunctions): after, although, as, because, before, if, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when, where, while. They will visit you before they go to the airport.

Punctuation Non esiste sintassi senza la punteggiatura. La punteggiatura è sintassi a tutti gli effetti perchè è proprio grazie ad essa che la sintassi assolve a tutte le sue regole per una buona e corretta scrittura. Putroppo la maggior parte degli errori di punteggiatura derivano dall’idea (sbagliata) che essa riproduca nel testo scritto le pause di un’eventuale lettura ad alta voce. I segni di interpunzione sono segnali logici in quanto collegano, separano, articolano i diversi elementi del testo scritto basati su regole precise il cui risultato è una frase che ha un eventuale ritmo-tono in lettura. La punteggiatura non ha quindi il compito di "strumento musicale". Sarà invece lo stile di chi scrive a fornire il vero "tono" e "ritmo" della narrazione scritta grazie soprattutto ad un sapiente uso della sintassi. Period

Use a comma to join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so). Road construction can be inconvenient, but it is necessary. The new house has a large fenced backyard, so I am sure our dog will enjoy it.

Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause. To get a good grade, you must complete all your assignments. After the wedding, the guests attended the reception.

Use a comma to separate elements in a series. Although there is no set rule that requires a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include it. The examples below demonstrate this trend. On her vacation, Lisa visited Greece, Spain, and Italy. In their speeches, many of the candidates promised to help protect the environment, bring about world peace, and end world hunger.

Use a comma to separate nonessential elements from a sentence. More specifically, when a sentence includes information that is not crucial to the message or intent of the sentence, enclose it in or separate it by commas.

Use a period to mark the end o a sentence. John's truck, a red Chevrolet, needs new tires. Your proposal has been forwarded Remember do not use a Period After a heading or title

Use a comma with quoted words.

Part One: The Prejudice

"Yes," she promised. Todd replied, saying, "I will be back this afternoon."

After a sentenced ending in a punctuated abbreviation Use a comma in a date. I spoke with the Legal Reppresentative of ALPHA Inc. October 25, 1999 When the numbers or letters of a list have been enclosed in parentheses Please enclude: (1) Name (2) Email

Avoid comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma). Instead, separate the clauses with a period,

with a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction, or with a semicolon.

Semicolon Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.

Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so). Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for America's safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.

Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.

Perhaps one reason why the term has been so problematic —so resistant to definition, and yet so transitory in those definitions—is because of its multitude of applications.

Quotation marks Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside. The placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation. He asked, "When will you be arriving?" I answered, "Sometime after 6:30." Use quotation marks to indicate the novel, ironic, or reserved use of a word. History is stained with blood spilled in the name of "justice." Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows. "Self-Reliance," by Ralph Waldo Emerson Italics Underlining and Italics are often used interchangeably. Before word-processing programs were widely available, writers would underline certain words to indicate to publishers to italicize whatever was underlined. Although the general trend has been moving toward italicizing instead of underlining, you should remain consistent with your choice throughout your paper. Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

Use a colon at the end of a business letter greeting. To Whom It May Concern:

Punctuation in Types of Sentences Parenthesis Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence. Muhammed Ali (1942-present), arguably the greatest athlete of all time, claimed he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee."

- Independent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone; a complete sentence. - Dependent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone; an incomplete sentence.

Simple: composed of 1 independent clause. No standard punctuation.

Dash Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses.

Compound: composed of 2 or more independent clauses. Join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).

Road construction can be inconvenient, but it is necessary.

Join 2 independent clauses by a colon when you wish to emphasize the second clause. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.

Join 2 independent clauses by a semicolon when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.

little information and uncertain temper when she was discontented she fancied herself nervous the business of her life was to get her daughters married its solace was visiting and news mr bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on mr bingley he had always intended to visit him though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go and till the evening after the visit was paid she had no knowledge of it it was then disclosed in the following manner observing his second daughter employed in trimming a hat, he suddenly addressed her with I hope mr bingley will like it lizzy we are not in a way to know what mr Bingley likes said her mother resentfully since we are not to visit Click here to see the original text

Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones. Tenses. Tempi verbali e peculiarità Complex: composed of 1 or more dependent clauses and 1 or more independent clauses. Join an introductory dependent clause with the independent clause by a comma. Because road construction has hindered travel around town, many people have opted to ride bicycles or walk to work....