Integumentary System - These are definitions for the basic terminology in biology. PDF

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These are definitions for the basic terminology in biology....

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5 layers of the epidermis: 1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale Accessory structures of the skin: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails albinism: lack of pigmentation apocrine sweat glands: release a protein-rich secretion into hair follicle secretions can become odoriferous once skin bacteria metabolize them influenced by sex hormones arrector pili: tiny bands of the smooth muscle basal cell carcinoma: most common of all types of cancer involves keratinocytes in stratum basale of epidermis skin regularly exposed to UV radiation is at risk for developing these tumors surgical removal very successful black hair: much melanin blonde hair: little melanin burn: a wound caused by agents such as heat, extreme cold, and electricity, chemicals and radiation callus: additional layers of stratum corneum in response to repetitive pressure carotene: lipid-soluble molecule that accumulates in stratum corneum imparts a slight yelloworange color that is particularly visible in stratum corneum of thick skin ceruminous: modified apocrine glands

thich secretion called cerumen (ear wax) into hair follicles found in ear cerumen traps particles entering ear canal and it lubricates cyanosis: occurs when hemoglobin has very low levels of bound oxygen blood turns reddish purple skin takes on faint bluish hue (especially lips) can occur when someone had difficulty breathing Dendritic (Langerhan) cells in stratum spinosum phagocytes: protect skin and deeper tissues from pathogens dendritic cells: found in stratum spinosum, phagocytes of the immune system that protect he skin and deeper tissues from pathogens dermal papillae contains two main components: Capillaries-tiny blood vessels provide oxygen and nutrients to dermis and epidermis and Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles-respond to light touch stimuli, numerous in areas where sensation is primary function such as fingertips, lips, and face dermal papillae: the surface of the papillary layer where it contacts the epidermis forms these projections dermal ridges: where dermal papillae and more prominent presence of thick collagen bundles cause indentation of epidermis resulting in epidermal ridges enhances gripping ability of hands and feet dermis: deep to the epidermis, highly vascularized so it provides blood supply for epidermis, anchored epidermis in place, and contains sensory receptors dermis: middle layer of skin that consists of loose connective tissue and dense irregular

connective tissue and is below the epidermis and basement membrane Eccrine glands produce __________.: sweat containing mostly water eccrine glands: majority found in dermis secrete mostly water, waste products, and electrolytes exits from ducts through a sweat pore onto epidermal surface epidermal ridges: occur in characteristic patterns produce fingerprints genetically determined and unique to each person epidermis: consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that rests on top of the basement membrane, avascular excretion: the process by which wastes are removed from the body erythema: occurs when blood flow in dermis increases skin becomes more reddish normal response to exercise first degree burns: minor wound only epidermis damaged skin may develop erythema (red appearance) and some mild pain no permanent damage freckles: Are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot. functions of the integumentary system: 1)protection from mechanical trauma, pathogens, and the environment 2)sensation

3)thermoregulation Functions of the integumentary system: Integumentary system protects body in several ways: from mechanical trauma like stretching, pressure, or abrasions; barrier to microorganisms or pathogens; protects from environmental hazards including UV light glands: secrete a variety of antimicrobial substances; sebaceous gland secretes into surface of skin are slightly acidic, which inhibits growth of many pathogens hair bulb: near the bottom where the root enlarges hair follicle: the root is embedded in this hair growth has two stages: growing stage and resting stage Hair shaft: portion projecting from the skin's surface Hair (pilli): small filamentous structures that project from the surface of the skin over the entire body except the regions with thick skin, the lips, and parts the external genitalia Hemoglobin: found in red blood cells iron-containg protein that binds to and transports oxygen hemoglobin changes color to a bright orange-red when bound to oxygen hemogloben's effect on skin color is an indirect result of blood flow Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the __________.: apocrine glands hypodermis (subcutaneous fat tissue): deep to the dermis, not apart of the skin but anchors the skin to bone and muscle deep to it. full of loose connective tissue that is richly supplied with blood vessels and varying amounts of adipose tissue Hypothalamus response when body temperature rises above normal...: stimulates sweat glands;

releases a watery fluid; water carries a great deal of heat with it when it evaporates Hypothalamus response when body temperature rises above normal...: stimulates sweat glands; releases a watery fluid; water carries a great deal of heat with it when it evaporates inner medulla: softcore only found in thick hair head hair) composed of a soft keratin keratin: hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails keratinocyte cells: an epidermal cell that produces keratin that resist mechanical trauma, and they are linked by numerous desmosomes which make epidermis stronger Keratinocytes: strengthen epidermis 95% of epidermis lanugo: nonpigmented hair found covering nearly entire body of fetus malignant melanoma: most dangerous skin cancer , cancer of melanocytes A-symmetrical shape B-border irregularity c-color d-diameter e-evolving Mammary glands are specialized __________.: sweat glands mammary glands: highly specialized sweat glands produce a modified sweat product, milk melanin: Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale of epidermis

Orange-red to black protein pigment Adds to skin color melanocytes in stratum basale: produce melanin Melanocytes in stratum basale: produce melanin-skin pigment ranging from orange-red to brown-black melanocytes: cells that produce melanin. skin pigment ranging from orange-red to brown-black Merkel cells in stratum basale: detect light touch discriminate shapes and textures merkel cells: sensory receptors associated with small neurons in the dermis and they function to detect light touch and differentiate shapes and textures middle cortex: keratinocytes containing hard keratin provides strength mole: increased pigmentation, local proliferation of melanocytes nail bed: nail plate on top of this nail body: the nail plate divides into this nail matrix: within the root we find this which contains actively dividing cells nail plate: most visible part of nail nail root: under the skin nail: stratified squamous epithelium filled with hard keratin pallor: occurs when blood flow in dermis decreases skin may take on whitest color normal response when body is trying to conserve heat pacinian corpuscle: detect the initial vibration of skin contact

papillary layer: loose connective tissue collagen fibers anchor epidermis red hair: special reddish pigment containing iron reticular layer: deepest skin layer and thicker and deep to papillary layer seperates dermis from hypodermis mainly irregularly arranged collagen bundles (strength) elastic fibers allow dermis to return to original shape and size after stretching proteoglycans draw water into ground substance keeps skin firm and hydrated root: portion embedded in the dermis rule of the nines: percentage of body surface that the burn affects sebaceous glands: produce oily sebum helps waterproof and lubricate skin and hair sebum: sebaceous glands produce this second degree burn: (partial thickness burn) involve epidermis and part or all of dermis can result in pain, blistering and scarring Skin contains...: sensory receptors (pain vibration pressure) arrector pili muscles (smooth muscle associated with hair Skin without keratin would be more likely to __________.: tear upon being mechanically stressed squamous cell carcinoma: 2nd most common skin cancer, cancer of the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

squamous cell: stratum basale: the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells stratum corneum: outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells stratum granulosum: consists of three to fives rows of cells, prominent cytoplasmic granules, intracellularly bind keratin filaments together for strength, cytoplasmic granules secrete contents, hydrophobic barrier (waterproofing) stratum lucidum: only in thick skin, narrow layer of clear dead keratinocytes stratum spinosum: normally the thickest layer of the epidermis and appears spiky due to the bundles of cytoskeletal filaments in the periphery of the cells that attach to desmosomes sweat (sudoriferous) glands: produce sweat terminal hair: thick, coarse, and pigmented hair The cuticle around a nail is the __________.: eponychium the dermis has two distinct layers: papillary and reticular layer The main components of the skin are the __________.: epidermis and dermis thermoregulation: thermoreceptors send temp info sent to hypothalamus; the maintenance of an internal body temperature through a through negative feedback loops thick skin: areas of high mechanical stress (palms hands sole of feet) thickness of a paper towel all five epidermal layers very thick stratum corneum no hair follicles

many sweat glands Thin skin lacks stratum __________.: lucidum thin skin: areas of less mechanical stress thickness of a sheet of paper no stratum lucidum all layers are thinner numerous hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands third degree burn: (full thickness burns) very damaging wounds involve epidermis, dermis, hypodermis potential even deeper tissue, like muscle or bone not generally painful at first because nerves are destroyed often major tissue damage and significant scarring with loss of hair follicles and diminished or absent keratin production Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the __________.: epidermis Two main components of the cutaneous membrane: epidermis, dermis vellus hair: thinner nonpigmented hair vitamin d: synthesizes hormone What stands hairs on end, causing piloerection?: arrector pili muscle Where are blood vessels housed that nourish the epidermis?: dermal papillae Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells?: stratum granulosum Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis?: fibroblast Which of the following is a yellow-orange skin pigment?: carotene

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?: vitamin A synthesis Which sensation is NOT detected by the skin?: equilibrium...