Joints - These are definitions for the basic terminology in biology. PDF

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These are definitions for the basic terminology in biology....

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A ballerina who stands on the tips of her toes is performing __________.: plantar flexion abduction: movement away from the midline adduction: movement toward the midline Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint anular ligament: surrounds head of radius articular cartilage: covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints; reduces wear and tear ball and socket joint: articulating surface of one bone is spherical, fits into cup shaped depression in second bone, wide range of motion around all three availible axes ex. hip and shoulder joints biaxial joints: allow motion around two axes; biceps brachii tendon: provides stabilizing forces as it passes over joint, helps keep head of humerus within glenoid cavity; shoulder joint bursa: fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another cartilaginous joints: bones connected by cartilage, no joint space between articulating bones; slightly movable; ex. epiphyseal plate, rib connection to manubrium and sternum circumduction: circular movement of a limb at the far end condylar or ellipsoid joint: biaxial joint where oval, convex surface of one bone fits into a shallow, concave articular surface of a second bone depression: moves body part in inferior direction Diarthrosis: freely movable joint Dorsiflexion: bending of the foot or the toes upward; angle between foot and leg decreases elbow and knee joints: hinge joint; perpendicular to axis

elbow joint: two articulations and three strong ligaments support articular capsule; hinge joint elevation: moves body part in superior direction eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward extension: increases the angle of a joint fibrocartilage joints: best for regions that must resist compression and tension with slight motion fibrous joints: bones connected by dense regular collagenous connective tissue, no joint space between articulating bones; immovable flexion: Decreases the angle of a joint function of joints: enable movement by neighboring bones, provide stability, allow long bones to lengthen Functionally, how are cartilaginous joints classified?: synarthroses or amphiarthroses glenohumeral joint: one of the articulations of pectoral girdle, connects upper extremity, with axial skeleton, ball shaped head of humerus with glenoid cavity on lateral scapula; shoulder joint glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring increases depth of glenoid cavity, provides more stability to multiaxial joint; shoulder joint gomphosis joint: peg in socket; ex. tooth in socket; synarthrotic hinge joint (uniaxial joint): convex surface of one bone interacts with concave depression of second bone ex. knee and elbow humeroradial joint: articulation between capitulum of humerus and head of radius; hinge joint humeroulnar joint: articulation between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna; hinge joint hyperextension: the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

In the knee joint, the medial meniscus is __________.: fibrocartilage Inner layer (synovial membrane): lines entire inner surface except where hyaline cartilage cells secrete synovial fluid intervertebral joints: between adjacent vertebral bodies of spinal column inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward joint cavity: the space between two connecting bones; filled with synovial fluid ligament: collagenous connective tissue links bone to another, provides additional strength and reinforcement to joint; factor that stabilize and support synovial joints lubrication (function of a synovial joint): to moisten and reduce friction medial and lateral meniscus: c-shaped fibrocartilaginous pads between femoral and tibial condyles shock absorption and stability metacarpophalangeal joint: Connects metacarpals to the proximal phalanges; Axis 1: allows proximal phalanges to move toward and away from palm of hand Axis 2: allows fingers to be squeezed together or fanned out multiaxial joint: shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation; ex. shoulder muscle tone: continuous level of muscle contraction, provides stabilizing forces; factor that stabilize and support synovial joints nonaxial joints: allow motion to occur in one or more planes without moving around an axis oppostion: thumb movement toward fingers or palm outer fibrous layer: keeps articulating bones from being pulled apart, isolates joint from rest of body patellar ligament: distal continuation of quadriceps tendon, connects distal patella to anterior tibia; knee joint

patellofemoral joint: the point where the kneecap and femur are connected in the trochlear groove; knee joint pivot joint: rounded end surface of one bone fits into groove on surface of second bone, one bone pivots or rotates around other ex. neck plane joint (gliding joint): gliding movement surfaces are flat or slightly convex surfaces glide over one another ex: intercarpal, intertarsal joints plantarflexion: point toes down; angle between foot and leg increases pronation: palm down protraction: moves body part in anterior direction pubic symphysis: the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth; between pubic bones of pelvic girdle radial collateral ligament: stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow joint range of motion: amount of movement joint is capable of under normal circumstances refraction: moves body part in posterior direction reposition: opposite of opposition; returns thumb to anatomical postion rotation: one bone rotates on an imaginary line running down its middle longitudinal axis rotator cuff tendons: tendons of four muscles, provide most of joint's structural stabilization and strength; shoulder joint saddle joint: each bones articulating surface has both concave and convex region ex. thumb

shock absorption (function of a synovial joint): helps to evenly distribute stress and force on articular surfaces during movement Structure of synovial joint: Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones Joint capsule, consists of 2 layers: - Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments - Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid supination: Palm up sutures: Areas where the cranial bones have joined together; fully fused sutures are very stable Synarthrosis: immovable joint syndesmosis joint: bones connected by a ligament; ex. between tibia and fibula, also ulna and radius synovial joints: layer of hyaline cartilage on articulating surface of each bone, joint space is fluid-filled cavity between articulating bones; freely movable tendon sheath: elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon tendon: collagenous connective tissue connects muscle to bone, tendons cross associate joints and provide stabilization when muscles are contracted; factor that stabilize and support synovial joints The anterior cruciate ligament anchors the tibia bone to __________.: another bone tibial collateral ligament (MCL): connects femur, medial meniscus and tibia to one another, medial joint stabilization, prevents tibia from shifting too far laterally on femur tibiofemoral joint: the point where the tibia meets with the femur; knee joint transportation (function of a synovial joint): removes nutrients and metabolic waste products ulnar collateral ligament: stabilizes the medial surface of the elbow joint

uniaxial joints: allow motion around only one axis What best describes cartilaginous joints?: little, if any, motion What feature is NOT part of the synovial joint?: tendon sheath What movement decreases the angle between the foot and tibia as the toes are pulled up toward the head?: dorsiflexion What movement would you expect to see in a pivot joint?: rotation Where would a gliding movement most likely occur?: between the intercarpal joints of the wrist Which movement opposes adduction?: abduction Which of the following best represents the functional classifications of joints ranked from least movable to most movable?: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis Which of the following cartilaginous joints is found only in young, growing people?: epiphyseal plate Which of the following is/are classified as fibrous joints?: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses Which statement best describes a bursa?: A bursa is a synovial fluid-filled structure lined with synovial membrane on its inner surface. Which type of synovial joint is the simplest and least mobile?: plane joint...