INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS PDF

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MODULE 2INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONSLEARNING OUTCOMES:At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the paradigm shifts through history Explain how the intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the world; and Describe the technological advancements that happened in the informati...

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MODULE 2 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the paradigm shifts through history 2. Explain how the intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the world; and 3. Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age. This module is composed of the following topics: Lesson 1: Copernican Revolution Lesson 2: Darwinian Revolution Lesson 3: Freudian Revolution When we say revolution in science we are referring to the spinning of a matter around itself or around the other matter. But in this chapter, we will be dealing with the ground-breaking intellectual revolution that turns the world into 360 degrees. It is like strongly believing into something and someone destroyed what you are believing for. LESSON 1 LET’S READ COPERNICAN REVOLUTION In the early times, people questioned what created days and night. Perhaps some of you would answer God, but religion is not the case here. So, they wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there. Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets in an attempt to explain the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it. Many of them agreed that the planets moved around in circular motion and that these movements created days and nights, among others. A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. He believes that the Earth was the center-a concept known as geocentrism. Course Code STS

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In the 16 th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept know as heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun. This idea was rejected at first by the public since the religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created before all other things. But after some time, astronomers realized that the Copernican model simplified the orbits for planets. It also answered issue that could not be explained using the geocentric model. It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was called the birth of modern astronomy. (Nicolaus Copernicus) LESSON 2 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species . In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. However, this theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teaching that the source of life is a powerful creator because some believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth’s creation. Because of this conflict, people were divided-some believed that they theory explained the origin of life but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it. This has turned the world upside down for it has caused confusion and later divide the individuals whether they will believe science or they will believe in god. But according to Albert Einstein “the more I study science, the more I believe in God” which only implies that he admires everything that this universe could offer. (Charles Darwin) LESSON 3 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19 th, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

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Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego. The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super ego. In short, the id is your instincts, the superego is your morality and your ego are the reality. These three revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that transformed and molded societies and beliefs. The changes they brought to the perspectives and perceptions of the scientific community and the public are evidence of science and technology’s link to humanity.

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