Intro-Geomatics-17 - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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FACU FACULTY LTY OF MINE MINERAL RAL RE RESO SO SOURCE URCE URCES S TE TECHN CHN CHNOLO OLO OLOGY GY

Geo Geomati mati matic c En Engine gine gineerin erin ering g De Departm partm partment ent

IN INTRO TRO TRODU DU DUCTI CTI CTION ON T TO O GEOM GEOMAT AT ATICS ICS GM 171

Compiled By

DR KUMI KUMI-BOA -BOA -BOATE TE TENG NG B BER ER ERNAR NAR NARD D PhD ( (UM UM UMaT, aT, Gh Ghan an ana) a) a), , M Sc (I (ITC TC TC, , Net Neth h er erla la land nd nds), s), M MSc Sc (K NU NUST, ST, G Gh h an ana), a), BSc (K NU NUST, ST, Gh Ghan an ana) a) a), , MA MASPR SPR SPRS S , MCI MCIG, G, MA MAARS ARS E, M MGh Gh GhIS IS , MG MGh h IE

SEPTE SEPTE PTEMB MB MBER ER ER, , 2017

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

Cou Course rse Ou Outlin tlin tline e (S (Syll yll yllabu abu abus) s)



HISTORY OF SURVEYING



CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING



CHAIN SURVEYING



COMPASS SURVEYING



DETAILED SURVEYING



LEVELLING, USES OF LEVELLING



DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE THEODOLITE



THEODOLITE TRAVERSE



CATENARY TAPING



OPTICAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS



STADIA TACHEOMETRY AND THE SUBSTANCE BAR

Dr Kumi-Boateng Bernard PhD (UMaT), MSc (ITC), MSc, BSc (KNUST ), MASPRS, MCIG, MAARSE, MGhIS, MGhIE

Dept. of Geomatic Eng., UMaT-Tarkwa

i

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

Ack Acknowl nowl nowledge edge edgemen men ments ts

I am greatly indebted to Prof. Daniel Mireku-Gyimah who in the first place guided me on the principles of hand-out preparation, teaching and setting of examination questions at the

University.

His

cooperation,

motivation

and

direction

have

brought

me

to

the

completion of this hand-out. His personal relationship gave me courage and excellent opportunity to pursue this noble profession.

My sincere thanks go to Assoc Prof A. A. Duker who continues to encourage me on the need to write technical papers. I am grateful to Geomatic Engineering final year students for taking their time to read and provide constructive suggestions on the hand-out.

My heartfelt thanks go to my wife whose love, sacrifice, encouragement and prayers continue to keep me in the class room.

I finally give thanks to God through whose Grace and Mercy I have reached this level of life. Through the struggles in life I have come to another level of the knowledge of Him for which I am very grateful. God is in deed faithful!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

NO NOTE: TE:

This material has been prepared using extensively the following text books;



Pr Practic actic actical al fiel field d surv survey ey eying ing an and d co comput mput mputatio atio ations: ns: By A . L. All Allan, an, J. R. Ho Hollw llw llwey ey and J. H. B B. . Ma Mayne yne ynes s



A te textb xtb xtboo oo ook k of S Surv urv urvey ey eying ing and Le Level vel velling ling ling: : B By y R R. . Ag Ago or



Surv Survey ey eying ing ing: : B By y A A. . B Bannis annis annister ter ter, , S. Ray Raymo mo mond nd and R. B Bake ake aker r



Eng Engine ine ineeri eri ering ng Surv Survey ey eying ing ing: : B By y W W. . Sc Schof hof hofield ield



Ad Advan van vanced ced En Engin gin gineer eer eering ing Sur Survey vey veying ing ing: : B By y F. A Shep Shepher her herd d



Sol Solutio utio utions ns of pr prob ob oblem lem lems s in sur surve ve veyin yin ying g a and nd Field A Astro stro strono no nomy my my: : B By y A A. . Ba Bannis nnis nnister ter and H. W. S Sheph heph hephenso enso enson n



Pla (Sem 1/G Dr B. B. Kum -Boate Plane ne Surv Survey ey eying ing Lec Lectur tur ture e No Notes tes (Sem 1/GM M I) by Dr Kumii -Boate oateng ng



Theo Theodo do doli li lite te & App Applic lic licatio atio ation n Le Lectur ctur cture e N Note ote otes(S s(S s(Sem em 2 2/G /G /GM M I) b by y D Dr r B B. . Ku Kumi mi - Bo Boateng ateng

ii Dr Kumi-Boateng Bernard PhD (UMaT), MSc (ITC), MSc, BSc (KNUST), MASPRS, MCIG, MAARSE, MGhIS, MGhIE

Dept. of Geomatic Eng., UMaT-Tarkwa

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

Tab Table le o of f co conte nte ntents nts

1.

OVERVIEW OF LAND SURVEYING.........................................................................1

1.1.

OBJECTIVES OF CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................1

1.2.

DEFINITION OF SURVEYING ..........................................................................1

1.3.

OBJECT AND PURPOSE OF SURVEYING ......................................................2

1.4.

TYPES OF SURVEYS ........................................................................................6

1.5.

SPECIALISED TYPES OF SURVEYS ................................................................7

1.6.

IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING .......................................................................9

1.7.

SURVEYING SAFETY .......................................................................................9

1.8.

PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING ........................................................................11

1.9.

STAGES OF SURVEY OPERATIONS .............................................................14

1.10.

ERRORS IN SURVEYING................................................................................15

1.11.

CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS ......................................................................15

1.11.1. Gross Errors or Mistakes ...............................................................................16

1.11.2. Systematic Errors..........................................................................................16

1.11.3. Accidental/Random Errors............................................................................16

1.12.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS .........................................................................17

1.13.

KINDS OF MEASUREMENTS .........................................................................17

1.13.1. Linear Measures ...........................................................................................17

1.13.2. Angular Measurements .................................................................................18

1.14.

PLAN SCALES ................................................................................................20

1.15.

TYPES OF MAP SCALES ................................................................................21

1.15.1. Verbal Scale .................................................................................................21

Dr Kumi-Boateng Bernard PhD (UMaT), MSc (ITC), MSc, BSc (KNUST ), MASPRS, MCIG, MAARSE, MGhIS, MGhIE

Dept. of Geomatic Eng., UMaT-Tarkwa

iii

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

1.15.2. Graphical Scale ............................................................................................ 22

1.15.3. Representative Fraction ................................................................................ 22

1.16.

2.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS .................................................................................... 22

LINEAR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT .................................................................... 24

2.1.

OBJECTIVES OF CHAPTER TWO ................................................................. 24

2.2.

GENERAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................ 24

2.3.

INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING DISTANCES ............................................. 25

2.3.1.

Tapes ........................................................................................................... 25

2.4.

INSTRUMENTS FOR MARKING STATIONS .................................................. 26

2.5.

RANGING A LINE ........................................................................................... 28

2.5.1.

Direct Ranging ............................................................................................. 28

2.5.2.

Indirect Ranging ........................................................................................... 28

2.6.

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT .......................................................................... 29

2.6.1.

2.7.

Slope Measurement. .................................................................................... 29

CHAIN SURVEYING....................................................................................... 30

2.7.1.

Theory / Principle of Chain Surveying ......................................................... 31

2.7.2.

Suitability of Chain Surveying ...................................................................... 31

2.7.3.

Unsuitability of Chain Surveying .................................................................. 31

2.7.4.

Shape, Size and Arrangement of Triangles ................................................... 31

2.7.5.

Technical Terms and their Definitions .......................................................... 32

2.7.6.

Selection and Measurement of the Base Line ............................................... 34

2.7.7.

Field Equipment........................................................................................... 34

2.7.8.

Chain Surveying

– Field Work ..................................................................... 35

iv Dr Kumi-Boateng Bernard PhD (UMaT), MSc (ITC), MSc, BSc (KNUST), MASPRS, MCIG, MAARSE, MGhIS, MGhIE

Dept. of Geomatic Eng., UMaT-Tarkwa

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

2.7.9.

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

Obstacles in Chaining ...................................................................................38

2.7.10. Errors in Chain Surveying ............................................................................45

2.7.11. Offsets ..........................................................................................................45

3.

2.8.

OPTICAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT .........................................................46

2.9.

PRINCIPLE OF EDM .......................................................................................47

2.10.

CATENARY BASE LINES ...............................................................................48

2.11.

CORRECTIONS FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENT ............................................49

2.12.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................50

TRAVERSING ..........................................................................................................52

3.1.

OBJECTIVES OF CHAPTER THREE ..............................................................52

3.2.

DEFINITION OF TRAVERSE ..........................................................................52

3.2.1.

Closed Traverse ............................................................................................52

3.2.2.

Open Traverse ..............................................................................................52

3.3.

COMPASS TRAVERSING ...............................................................................53

3.3.1.

Reconnaissance of the Area ..........................................................................54

3.3.2.

Determination of Directions of Chain Lines .................................................. 54

3.4.

PLOTTING OF COMPASS TRAVERSE ..........................................................54

3.4.1.

Parallel Meridians .........................................................................................55

3.4.2.

Rectangular Coordinates ..............................................................................55

3.5.

ADJUSTMENT OF CLOSING ERROR ............................................................56

3.6.

SOURCES OF ERROR IN COMPASS TRAVERSING .....................................56

3.7.

SURVEYING COMPASSES .............................................................................56

3.7.1.

Prismatic compass ........................................................................................57

Dr Kumi-Boateng Bernard PhD (UMaT), MSc (ITC), MSc, BSc (KNUST ), MASPRS, MCIG, MAARSE, MGhIS, MGhIE

Dept. of Geomatic Eng., UMaT-Tarkwa

v

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

3.7.2.

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

Surveyor’s Compass .................................................................................... 57

3.8.

LOCAL ATTRACTION .................................................................................... 57

3.9.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION / VARIATION ..................................................... 58

3.10.

CLASSES OF MAGNETIC VARIATION / DECLINATION .............................. 59

3.11.

MERIDIANS AND BEARINGS ........................................................................ 59

3.11.1. Meridian ....................................................................................................... 59

3.11.2. Bearing ........................................................................................................ 60

3.12.

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS ...................................................................... 60

3.13.

THEODOLITE TRAVERSING ......................................................................... 61

3.14.

THE THEODOLITE ........................................................................................ 62

3.14.1. Principal Components of Transit Theodolite ................................................ 62

3.15.

DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL TERMS ........................................................... 63

3.16.

SETTING UP THE THEODOLITE .................................................................. 63

3.17.

EFFECTS OF MISCENTRING A THEODOLITE ............................................. 63

3.18.

SOURCES OF ERROR IN THEODOLITE WORK ........................................... 64

3.19.

FIELD WORK OF THEODOLITE TRAVERSING ............................................ 65

3.20.

TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS ........................................................................ 65

3.21.

TACHEOMETRIC TRAVERSING.................................................................... 66

3.22.

DEFINITION .................................................................................................... 66

3.23.

STADIA SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 66

3.24.

MEASUREMENTS OF TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS ................................ 68

3.25.

THEODOLITE TACHEOMETRY .................................................................... 68

3.26.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS .................................................................................... 70

vi Dr Kumi-Boateng Bernard PhD (UMaT), MSc (ITC), MSc, BSc (KNUST), MASPRS, MCIG, MAARSE, MGhIS, MGhIE

Dept. of Geomatic Eng., UMaT-Tarkwa

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

4.

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

LEVELLING.............................................................................................................73

4.1.

OBJECTIVES OF CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................73

4.2.

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................73

4.3.

BASIC DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................73

4.4.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LEVEL INSTRUMENTS ...........................................74

4.5.

TYPES OF LEVELS .........................................................................................74

4.5.1.

Dumpy Level ................................................................................................74

4.5.2.

Tilting Level ..................................................................................................75

4.5.3.

Automatic Level ...........................................................................................75

4.6.

TRIPOD ...........................................................................................................75

4.7.

LEVELLING STAFF.........................................................................................75

4.8.

FIELDWORK IN LEVELLING..........................................................................75

4.8.1.

Making a Reading .........................................................................................75

4.8.2.

Levelling Between Two Points......................................................................76

4.8.3.

Field Booking and Reduction of Levels ........................................................76

4.8.4.

Rise and Fall Method ....................................................................................77

4.8.5.

Adjustment: ..................................................................................................77

4.8.6.

Height of Collimation Method ......................................................................77

4.9.

PRECISION OF LEVELLING .........................................................................