Intro to Oceanography 9 PDF

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Summary

Professor Valentine described the ocean in regards to wind patterns, currents, and marine life....

Description

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Valentine’s fave explorer: James Cook S. America drifted into Pacific Ocean basin Subduction: forms trenches (oceanic lithosphere) Fracture zones: extend from faults to ocean crust

10/19- First Lecture After Midterm #1 ● Ocean structure: distribution of temp. and salts in ocean ● Water occurs on Earth as solid, liquid & gas Liquid: free upper surface, flows freely to lower level, molecules close together & glide easily past each other Gas: fill closed space uniformly, molecules colliding with one another, readily compressed into smaller volume, low density, molecules in high speed motion Solid (ice): strong & rigid, molecules can fissure & break, high density, fractures when sudden, strong stress applied, molecules locked into strict geometrical order ● Salinity: measure of salt content ● Water is a polar chemical compound (H20)- solvent which dissolves things ● Heat (measure of energy) & temperature (measure of response of a substance to the removal or addition of energy)- not same thing! ● Thermal properties keep mild conditions on earth ● Water density greatly affected by temp. and salinity ●

Chemical & physical water properties make it ideal to support life → follow water for life (THG when Katniss found wet moss bc animals need water to survive)

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Compounds: substances that contain 2+ diff elements in fixed proportions Element: substance can’t be broken down further (hydrogen, oxygen) Atoms: particles that make up elements

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Water is polar: a positive & negative side 2 positive H atoms share electrons with one negative O atom → covalent bond (H2O)

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Covalent bond: long term hook ups Tetrahedron: 109.5 degrees (angle) H bonds forms when positive end of one water molecule bonds to negative end of another water molecule- hydrogen bond (not covalent) Heat: energy produced by random vibrations of atoms or molecules (cal) Temperature: object’s response to input or removal of heat (°C) Heat capacity: measure of the heat required to raise temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C- proportion Water has very high heat capacity (1 cal)→ resists changing temp when heat is added or removed

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1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie= 1 Cal Common states of matter: liquid, gas, solid...