Intro to Med Term PDF

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Intro to Med Terms 01/ 25

Chapter 1: Basic Term Components Suffix, prefix when translating Most terms derived from Greek words why ? bc foundation of medicine was in Greece Translated into Greek to practice medicine Galen- greek physician; influenced by Hippocratic corpus - Galen didn't do human anatomy, made ppl think about it - Explained w natural philosophy Hippocrates (460- C. 370 BC) - The iatros (iatr- medicine or a physician) - legend Why so many terms Latin? - Universal language - Latin became the lingua franca  of European academics - comes from Rome, they took on Greek medicine b/c they thought it was proper medicine - N. B. medic- medicine In medical terminology - Cornelius Celsus, De Medicina - Roman’s Assimilation of Greek Medicine into Latin Is Latin a dead language? - Alive in scientific nomenclatures Anatomical ( flexor carpi ulranus  ) Pathological Bacteriology Zoological Botanical Is there any practical benefit? I. Descriptive - Staphyl: [Gr. staphyle, bunch of grapes] Staphylococcus and uvula II. Easily combined - Myelomeningocele: myel (spinal cord) +mening (membrane) +cele (hernia) III. Create a lingua franca for science and medicine - L. Cortex, corticis, bark Def terms: Etymology- study of origins and historical meanings of words

1. Compound terms (use diff words together; roots, suffixes, etc.) 2. Loan words (use words from somewhere else; parent language and don't breakdown) 3. Eponyms (use names to describe something else) Root- essential part which most medical terms are formed Combining form- a root w combining vowel - N.B. Does not add any meaning to the word; used simply for the sake of euphony - Ex. rhinostenosis, carniphobia - Anytime you have to roots and you want to join them then you would put an ‘o’ between them ex. Vas- o - tomy Suffix- defines which part of speech; tells you what is happening Compound suffixes- made from roots Ex. Iatros (physician) AND iatrikos (healing) Suffix: -Y (act of) Compound suffix: -IATRY or -IATRICS Prefix- 1 or 2 syllable word element added to beginning of word - Not every medical term have prefix - Sometimes more than 1 prefix may be attached to a single term - Ex. subendocardial 01/ 28 Elision- Roots end w a vowel and the root begins w vowel - Ex. para- (prefix) + enter- (root) + al (suffix) = parenteral Assimilation- changes to the same consonant w/ which the word element begins Ex. Con+rugarator (shrink) = corrugator (shrinking together) - The ending of the prefix to another consonant to make it easier to pronounce Ex. in + perfect =imperfect - irradiation, in radiation 1.Definitions thru word analysis You can usually define a term by interpreting ● Suffix first ● Then prefix ● Then root or roots Meladema vs. anthracosis - Gr. Anthrax, antrakos- coal - Wil produce carbuncles EX. Inter Enterocolitis - Inner / btw

- Enter/ intestines - Col/ colon - itis/ inflammation Inflammation of the intestines and colon (suffix) (prefix) (cf) (root) Roots w more than one meaning - Acr- summit,end; extremity Ex. Acromegaly, acrophobia, acropolis - Orth- straight; correct, normal, upright Ex. orthodontist, ortho cephalic, orthostatic Pay attention to synonyms!!! Be aware of diff usages!!! Ex. Gr. lysis - dissolution or destruction But lysin - substance causing dissolution Staphylo AND Strepto - cluster of breaks/ break, staphylococcus - Twist, streptococcus Homomorphisms can be misleading!!! - words spelled the same, come from diff forms Ex. ped- (L.paes)meaning foot vs. ped- (paes)meaning child Inflection- change suffix of word to give diff position - gr. Psyche, psyches- mind, soul- psych-, phyche Chp 2: Health Care Records Medical records for test - history and physical - Progress note (SOAP format) - Prescription ➢ What each form is for ➢ What are the component parts of each form ➢ What kind of info goes in each component part ➢ Component abbreviations associated w these forms History and physical - Doc of medical history and findings from physical examinations Two major divisions - History (hx) Subjective info - history obtained from patient

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Physical examination (PE) Objective info - physical facts Progress note: SOAP format S: subjective - which the patient describes O: objective- observable info, such as test results A: assessment- progress and eval of effectiveness of the plan P: plan- decision to proceed or alter strategy R/O - rule out (might be, not sure should test) Purpose of Progress notes - Evaluate - Imp legal docs - Ensure proper patient care Prescription: Physician’s written direction for dispensing or administering a medication for a patient Must be written in a specific format ➢ Rx: prescription ➢ Dispensation: name, strength, and amount ➢ Signa: patient instructions Prn -as its needed Q4h - every 4 hrs Roman & ‘Arabic’ Numbers ● I or i = 1 ● V or v = 5 ● X or x = 10 ● L or l = 50 ● C or c = 100 ● D or d = 500 ● M or m = 1000 Subtraction rule: - IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900 - 949= DCCCCXXXXVIIII= CMXLIX Medical Abbreviations pp.74-76 ➢ Statim ➢ Pro re nata ➢ Noctis ➢ Ante meridiem ➢ Post cibum ➢ Non per os Abbreviations pp.67-68, 74-76

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APS with a line on top - without C with a line on top - with Rx- prescription Tx- treatment

Symbols - ii or II - + or Medical symbols and Astrological signs - Female - male History: Astrology and astronomy same practice a long time ago, male symbol associated w mars bc supposed to be a shield and spar, female symbol associated w venus/ beauty bc supposed to be a hand mirror. Symbols of Medicine - Rod of Asclepius (one snake) vs. Hermes’ Caduceus (2 snakes) - 16th century ℅ - complains of 5-6 xTwk : times a week Q noc- every night NKDA - no known drug allergies NAD- no acute distress T- temp P- pulse R- rate HEENT- height, ears, eyes, nose, teeth WNL- within normal limit CP- chest pain SOB -shortness of breath RTO- return to office IM- Intramuscular Q d- every day X ii d- for 2 days Practice: iv p.o. q.i.d p.c = 4 by mouth 4 times a day after meals nine through the rectum every four hours as needed for pain= ix p.r. q4h p.r.n Disease Terms

Pandora and disease ● Nosos disease ● Kasos(cac-) bad, ill Latin Synonyms ● Morbus d isease morbidity/morbific ● Malus bad, evil malnutrition/malaria/malignant/malocclusion Hippocratic Texts: Epidemics - Title: epi (upon) dem () - Contents: cses,constitutions, generalizations - Modern case reports - Epidemics 1 Case ii - erythro= red, kepha= head, pyr= fire Fevers in Ancient Medicine Ferb● ● ● ●

L. feber, febris Febrifacient Febrile febriphobia

Pyr-, pyret● Gr. pyr, fire, heat, fever ● Antipyretic ● Pyrogen ● pyromania

Ancient disease terms in modern medicine - Cholera - melancholy Cancer - Gr. karlinos= L. Cancer - Carcinogen - Carcinoma - carcinolysis Disease and people - Gr. demos (people) endemic/ epidemic/ pandemic/ demographic Levels of Organization - Genetic - Cytopathy - Organopathy - Systemic - N.B. splanchDeath and disease - Gr. necros dead body, corpse

- Gr. thanatos death - L. mors, mortis death - L. mortal death - Gr. aitia cause - Gr. idios individual,distinct Disease and Time ● Acute - L.acus;acutus, needle; sharp, clarity, needle - Ex. acupuncture - Gr. oxys Four Classical Signs of Inflammation - Calor - Rubor - Tumor - dolor ● Heat ● Red ● Swelling ● Pain Mithridates would take poison everyday Parenteral Routes - IM- Intramuscular - ID- Intradermal - IV- Intravenous - SC, SQ, Sub-Q- Subcutaneous Common Prescription Abbreviations - Right eye OD - Left eye - Left ear - Right ear N.B. dextr/o right, dextrocardia, dextrose sinistr/o, left, sinistrad Latin Numbers

Greek Numbers

Understanding Anatomical Latin Herophilus and erasistratus and human dissections - Dissected criminals alive to see how body functions (argument; how do we know if dead body physiology same as alive?) - Big names in medicine - In Alexandria (center of learning; their libraries are famous bc they stole ppl books) - Followers of Aristotle (peripatetics) - Discontinuation of Human Dissection Medicine based off experience Ana( upward) tome ( cut up)

Resumption of Human Dissection in 13th and 14th century ● Padua, Bologna, Montpellier ● Galenic and Church influence (thought Galen were dissecting bodies when he wasn’t so they thought it was ok and so did the church) ● Frequency and purpose Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica , 1543 - Realizes Galen is wrong by dissecting body on his own - Writes body parts he finds in Latin Anatomical Terminology - Greek - Latin - Keratoeides→ c ornea  brachium - brachion→ Inflection in Medical English ● Roots ● Traditional Plurals (keep traditional endings) Inflection in Latin (imp bc tells us why it matters) Inflection- changes grammatical usage, not the meaning ‘Gender’ of noun - Masculine, feminine, and neuter - Natural gender, grammatical gender Imp to Latin: (makes diff for adj) - Genu valgum - hallux valgus - Coxa valga ‘Number’ of noun - Singular vs. plural ‘Case’ of noun- Nominative (the 1st word of an anatomical term is almost invariably a noun in this case) - Genitive (never 1st word, appear after the noun it modifies) Memorize the endings Q: The first term in an anatomical term is in which CASE? A: Nomanitive Q: Tunicae arteriarum (genitive plurar, artery) = tunics X A: Tunics of the arteries What is meant by ‘Declension’?

First declension ● Nom. vena ● Gen. venae ● Acc. venam ● Dat. venae ● Abl. vena

Second declension ● Nom. musculus ● Gen. musculi ● Acc. musculum ● Dat. musculo ● Abl. musculo

How do we know what declension a noun is? How do you decline a noun? 1. Find our what declension it is - Vena, -ae, f., vein 2. Find the stem/root - venae= ven(stem) + ae(genitive ending for the 1st declension) 3. Add appropriate ending

Genu, knee Cornu, horn

Review

Because their endings closely resemble the nominative singular form of the 2nd  declension, it is best to memorize the limited number of medical and anatomical nouns belonging to this declension: aditus, m  . entrance  arcus,  m. arch  ascensus,  coitus,

 . ascent (in Latin literally 'a going up') m

 m. sexual intercourse (in Latin literally 'meeting together')

 cruciatus,  m. cross

 . descent ( in Latin literally 'a going down') descensus, m  . d uct (in Latin literally 'leading') ductus, m  fetus,

m  .  fetus (in Latin literally 'bringing forth of young')

 hiatus

, m. gap, opening

 lacus,

 . l ake, a collection of fluid in a cavity m

 manus,  f. h and  meatus,

m  . p assage-way, opening

 olfactus,

 . s mell m

 plexus,

 m. plexus, a network of vessels or nerves (in Latin literally 'braided')

 processus,

m  . p rocess, anatomical projection (in Latin literally 'a going forth')

 recessus , m. cavity, small indention (in Latin literally 'a going back')  sinus  tractus,

, m. sinus, fold, anatomical cavity

 .  tract, path m

4 Anatomical Latin Putting it Together

Anatomical termvasa venarum communicantia : C  ommunicant vessels of the veins

Adjectives vs. nouns ● Location - 1st word - 2nd and subsequent words ● Meaning of Root - Internus, superficialis, siccus ● Endings - alis ● Memorization On test 2:

corpus, corporis, n. body  pars, partis, f. part  cavitas , cavitatis f. cavity (e.g. abdominal cavity)  organum, -i , n. organ  arteria, -ae , f. artery *(A. = arteria, and Aa. = arteriae )  vena , -ae, f. vein *(V. = vena , and Vv. = venae)  vas, vasis , n. vessel  os, ossis, n. bone  musculus, -i, m. muscle *(M. = musculus , and Mm. = musculi)  nervus , -i, m. nerve *(N. = nervus , and Nn. = nervi) caput ,  capitis, n. head facies, -ei , f., face oculus, -i , m. eye auris , -is, f. ear nasus, -i , m. nose os , oris, n., mouth bucca, -ae , f. cheek mentum, -i, n. chin occiput, occipitis , n. occiput (back of head)

collum, -i, n. neck cervix, cervicis , f., neck truncus, -i , m. trunk thorax, thoracis , m. thorax pectus , pectoris, n., chest dorsum, -i , n. back abdomen , abdominis, n. abdomen inguen , inguinis, n. groin pelvis, -is , f. pelvis membrum, -i , n. limb membrum superius ( upper limb)   axilla , -ae, f. armpit brachium, -i , n. arm cubitus , -i , m. elbow antebrachium , -i, n. forearm manus, -us, f. hand carpus , -i, m. wrist metacarpus, -i, m. metacarpus palma, -ae, f . palm

vola, -ae , f. palm *digitus , -i , m. finger pollex, pollicis , m. thumb membrum inferius ( lower limb) natis, -is, f . buttock usually plural nates , -ium, buttocks

 . and f. buttock usually plural clunes , -ium, clunis, -is, m buttocks   coxa , -ae, f. hip femur, femoris, n. t high genu, -us ,  n . knee poples, - itis, m. posterior knee crus, cruris , n. l eg sura, surae, f . calf pes, pedis, m. f oot

 . ankle tarsus, -i ,  m calx, calcis, f. heel metatarsus, -i, m  . metatarsus   *digitus, -i , m. toe planta, -ae, f . sole (i.e. the sole of the foot)

hallux, hallucis o r hallex, hallicis , m., big toe Uvula vermis: Uvula means grape & vermis means a worm Os, ossis, n. Bone ● ● ● ●

Ossa tarsi ( nom., plural., neut., bones) Caput o ssis ( gen., sing., neut., of the bone) Os antebrachii ( nom., sing., neut., bone) Arteriae o ssium (gen., plur., neut., of the bones)

Internus, -a ( nom., sing., fem.), -um , internal  [ 1st declension ] ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Vas ( nom., sing., neut.) internum Vena (nom., sing., fem.) i nterna Nervi i nterni (nom., plur., masc.) Facies ( 5th declension) i nternae (nom., plur., fem.) Nervu ( nom., plur., masc) auris  internae (gen., sing. or nom., plur.) Ossa (nom., plur., neut.) pelvis i nterna (nom., plur., neut.) Ora (nom.) superficialia venarum (gen., plur., fem.) internarum (gen., plur., fem.)

Superficialis, -e , superficial [ 2nd declension ] ● Os s uperficiale (nom., sing., neut.) superficial bone ● Capita s uperficialia (nom., plur., neut.) ● Musculi (noun., nom., plur., masc.) brachii  (noun) superficiales (adj., nom., plur.,masc/fem) ● Os longum ( adj) buccae ( noun, cheek., gen., sing., fem.) s uperficialis (nom., sing., m/f. Or gen., sing., m/f.) : The long bone of the superficial cheek Inferior, -ius , inferior ● ● ● ● ●

Mentus (nom., sing., neut.) inferious : Inferior chin Palma (nom., sing., fem.) inferior Ossa inferiora Organa crusis (gen., sing.,neut.) inferioris : Organs of the inferior leg Vas (nom., sing., neut.) pollicis (gen.) inferius : Inferior vessel of thumb

Cummunicans communicant, communicating ● Nervus communicans ● Vas communicans ● Arteriae communicantes : bone of communicant arteries Abbreviations -one letter sing, two letters plur. -

v. vein A. artery N. nervous M. musculus

Integumentary System -

Terms w skin = cloth Philosophers used to believe that ppl breath thru skin

Skin breathing -

Respiration occurs not only by stoma and nostril, but also by the holon soma (whole body) Used to think respiration= heat exchange Think this b/c sweat, since water coming out there there must be passage

Skin = organ -

Gr, derma, dermatos, skin Ectoderm Dermatolysis Lepto = thin Pachy = thick

Flesh = muscle & fat -

Gr. sarx, sarcos, Flesh; muscle Gr, caro, carnis f. , Flesh; meat

Tissue = collection of similar cells w/ specific function -

Gr. histo , beam of the loom; tissue hist/o histi/o

Gr. blastos- germ, shoot, sprout; embryonic cell Gr. klastos- broken -

Osteoclast (break nail)

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Onychoclasis Clastic rock

Hair -

Gr. thrix, trichos, hair L. pilus, -i m. , hair

Nails -

Gr. onyx, onychos, nail/hoof/claw L. unguis, -is m. , nail

Hemathidrosis - sweat  not water -

His sweat was so thick, thought he was sweating blood

Sweat -

Gr. hidros, hidrotos, sweat L. sudor, sudoris m. , sweat fac/ fic = make or produce

Sebum(oil) -

Gr. stear, steatos, oil fat; sebum

Epithel(nipple)ium Hippocratic Care for Lesions ● Hippocrates, on ulcers [gr. helkos] - helc/o - ulcer (general term; leisure) - Wound care , believed white puss was good & bad puss was bad ● Classification of lesions ● Treatments Primary, Secondary, and Vascular lesions Primary Lesions: discolored, nonpalpable ● ● -

L. macula, -ae small spot Freckle Elevated, palpable, solid masses: Nodule [L. nodulus, -i, little knot; L. nodus, -i, knot] Elevated formed w/ fluid Vesicle , L.vesicula, -ae little bladder; L.Vesica, -ae bladder/ sack L. bulla, ae- round swelling, an amulet

Secondary Lesions: -

Keloid (Gr. Kele- tumor, hernia, protrusion) -cele L. cicatrix , scar

Vascular Lesions: -

Gr. telos- complection; end; purpose Gr. tele, at distance

Purpuric Lesions: ● ● ● ●

Gr. chymos/ chylos - humor, fluid Ex. ecchymosis, bruise Nevus= mole Verruca= wart Furnucle= boil Ulticaria= hives

Animals -

L. lupus, wolf; Lupus L. cancer, crab; cancer Gr. ichthys, fish Gr. herpes, herpetos; creeping thing, reptiles, snake; herpes L. tinea, worm; ring worm

Lepra and leprosy Parts of Animals -

Gr. Lepis, lepidos, scale, flake L. Squama, -ae, f., scale Gr. anthos, flower L. comedo [L. comedere, to eat up] Impetigo (L. impetus, attack) Vitiligo (L. vitium, fault, blemish) Gr. keras, keratos- horn (hard, cornea) L. cornu, horn, horn like projection; corneus, -a , -um Gr. graphein- to scrape, to write

Prefixes associated w skin grafts ● ● ● ● ● ●

AutoIsoHomoAlloXenohetero-

Types of grafts ● ● ● ● ●

Autograft Isograft Homograft Allograft Xenograft

● Heterograft Bone -

Gr. osteon L. os, ossis, n

Marrow -

Gr. myelos L. medulla, ae

Parts of long bone -

Gr. physis- origin, growth, nature; growth plate Gr. phyton, phyma- plant, that which has growr

The skeleton -

Gr. skeletos

Vertebral column -

Gr. rhachis- backbone; ridge L. spina- thorn; backbone

Atlas & the Cartographers -

Doesn’t hold up the world, holds up the heavens Cursed by Zeus and separated heavens from the Earth Not the world, constellations cartographers ; map makers

Ancient theories of the motion of muscles - Brain, pneuma, nerves and muscle - Galen (2nd century AD) - “Ballonist theory” - Descartes (16th century AD) Muscle: - Gr. mys, myos - Epimysium - Myoma - Myositis (inflammation of muscle) - L. musculus, -i - musculus dorsi Fascicle, Fasciculus, and Fasces- comes from word fasces; roman sign uses by lictories (bodyguards carry on shoulder, Rome is a Republic) ; fibers inside muscle L. fascia- band ; connected tissue (different than fascicle) Sarcomere and Sarcolemma - Gr. meros, part (partial, incomplete) - Gr. lemma, husk (membrane) Diff btw rhabdomyoma & leiomyosarcoma?

- Gr. rhabdos, rod - Gr. leios, smooth The Muscles (not required to memorize all) Name of skeletal muscles - Location of origin or insertion Coracobrachialis - Origen- corac/o - Insertion- brachi/o - # of origin - Biceps, triceps - -Ceps = caputs (head) - shape - size ● Maximus, -a, -um ● Minimus ● Major, majus ● Minor, minus ● Brevis, short ● Longus, long - Anatomical position ● Medialis- towards midline ● Dorsalis- the back ● Ventralis- the stomach ● Lateralis● Superficialis● Profundus Rostral and Rostrum - movement ● F...