Intro to Physiology Notes PDF

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PSL- Introductory Physiology What is physiology? Functional Anatomy Dynamic Processes- maintaining or moving to a control set point Organization Each level built on the one below (picture) Each level has the characteristics the lower one does not Molecules Assembly of atoms Major ones are; proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids Cells The cell is the basic unit of life. Uses energy, has metabolism, removes waste. Tissues Collection of similar cells with same local function. Term also used generally, such as “lung tissue”. Organs Collections of different tissues. Carries out the distinct function in the body. Systems Collection of Organs. Controls major coordinated functions; respiration, circulation, ect. Homeostasis Maintain the normal physiological state. Cells- negatively charged on the inside, positive on the outside (2 cells can never be joined together) Internal Environment Interstitial fluid- surrounds all of your cells…liquid that sits between cells. 5 liters of blood, 20 liters of interstitial fluid Negative Feedback- common Sweating causes you to stray away from the set state, and then you do something that causes you to go back to the set state. (sweating because of a workout, losing salt, and then eating food) ex. blood pressure, ion concentrations, muscle reflexes.

Positive Feedback- rare but important Event causes a change to a new set point (state change) Does return to original set point ex. blood clotting, parturition (childbirth)

L2- Cell Structure

Cytosol Liquid portion of the cell that has high protein content (much higher than can be made in a lab setting) Enzyme helps a reaction occur Protein Clusters- organized enzyme pathways enhance metabolism Metabolism Thousands of reactions generated by proteins Enzymes are protein catalysts Structural proteins (keeps cells from having a spherical shape), energy production enzymes, storage and use of carbohydrates and lipids. Protein Synthesis Chains of connected amino acids Structure determined by genes mRNA from nucleus codes for protein manufacture on ribosomes. Ribosomes Combinations of protein and RNA Free ribosomes make proteins for use in cytosol Few or no modifications after production Chaperones help protein folding

Storage Glycogen is a chain of glucose molecules In muscle use during contraction In liver to maintain blood glucose between glucose between meals Endoplasmic Reticulum Complex of interconnected membrane tubes (both the smooth and the rough) Rough ER- ribosomes= protein synthesis Smooth ER-no ribosomes= fat and membrane synthesis Rough ER Ribosomes link amino acids Newly formed protein is threaded into ER lumen as it is made New proteins move through ER to the smooth ER Smooth ER Produces vesicles that carry new protein to the Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Series of flattened membrane tubes, receives vesicles from the SER. Site of protein modifications Directs vesicles with new protein to specific organelles or the cell membrane Docking proteins designate where the vesicle is going to function, and ensures proper delivery. Protein Modification- proteins in the GA have amino acids removed or modified Sugars are added to proteins and are modified Proteins only work in specific shapes Most proteins naturally fold into their appropriate shapes- chaperones ensure this Vesicles from the GA with export proteins merge with membrane and dump contents…Intracellular Ca++ triggers exocytosis-ATP (cells version of money) is needed Lysosomes- contain the digestive enzymes merge with endocytotic vesicles digest molecules down to the useable size Proteins—> Amino Acids Complex Carbs—> Monosaccharides Endocytosis Must occur to balance exocytosis Extracellular molecules bind receptors and trigger membrane in folding. Peroxisomes-many reactions Contains anti-oxidants (vit C and vit E also do this outside cells) Destroys oxygen radicals (very reactive, destroy protein function) H-O + H-O —> HOOH = hydrogen peroxide 2HOOH —> 2 H2O + O2 by the enzyme catalase

L3

Energy Production- Cytoskeleton

ATP = Adenosine P-P-P Cellular money x+ATP—> x-P + ADP x-P has activity that x alone does not Anaerobic Energy Production - Glycolysis- no oxygen In cytoplasim (free ATP) and cell membrane (ATP for ion pumps) 2 ATP/glucose without oxygen Glucose + NAD + 2ADP —> 9RXS—> NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP NADH + pyruvate —> NAD + Lactate (recycle NAD) *(Enzyme Clusters make things work better)*...