Intro to Anatomy & Physiology PDF

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Summary

Gives basic info regarding anatomy and physiology including definitions, structural levels of organization, homeostasis, & anatomical terminology,...

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Lecture 1- Intro to AP Wednesday, August 19, 2020

12:15 PM

Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body relationships List the major organ systems of the body, identify their major components, and ex function(s) of each system. Briefly describe the inter-relationships between each organ system. Define homeostasis and explain its importance. Provide examples of negative and positive feedback, their significance, and the co homeostatic imbalance. Use anatomical terminology to describe body regions, body sections, and relative Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions and describe the functions o

I. Introduction 1. Why study anatomy and physiology? II. Definitions 1. Anatomy: The study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts a. Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic): study of structures large enough to be s i. Regional anatomy: Study of all structures within a body region ii. Systemic anatomy: Study of structures within a body system iii. Surface anatomy: Study of internal structures as the relate to the o b. Microscopic anatomy: the study of structures that are too small to be s i. Cytology: Study of cells ii. Histology: Study of tissues iii. Developmental anatomy: Study of changes in the body structures lifetime iv. Embryology: Subset of developmental anatomy, studies structure

nd explain their lain the major

sequences of ositions. each.

en by the naked eye

verlying skin en with the naked eye

ver the course of a of the first 8 weeks of

embryo development Can you make a connection between the significance of learning the above and yo discipline? 2. Physiology: the study of the function of body parts. a. Cell physiology: study of function at a cellular level b. Organ physiology: function of a specific organ c. Systemic physiology: function of an organ system d. Pathologic physiology: study of disease, what causes it, what causes sy 3. Complementarity of structure and function a. Form follows function and function leads to form i. Function is dependent on structure b. Alveoli c. Heart: Left ventricle is thicker than right because it needs to create a hig blood than the right Application of the principle of complementarity of structure and function III. Structural Levels of Organization 1. The body as a whole is an organism, which is made up of many parts 2. Levels from simplest to largest a. Chemical: made up of atoms, both simple (H20), and more complex, suc i. Carbohydrate: main function is to provide energy to the body 1) Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose 2) Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose 3) Oligosaccharides: Fructo-, malto4) Polyols ii. Protein: makes up the structural components of cells and tissues, enzymes and hormones 1) Enzyme: catalyst that regulates the speed of a chemical proc 2) Made of amino acids iii. Fats (lipids): structural components of cell membranes, store ener

ur designated

ptoms

er pressure to pump

as:

s well as many ss y, and serve as

b.

c.

d. e. f.

signaling molecules 1) Triglycerides (triacylglycerols), phospholipids, and sterols iv. Nucleic Acids: deal with the storage and expression of genetic info 1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) encodes info the cells need to m Cellular i. Contains structures called organelles ii. Ribosomes: protein synthesis iii. Nucleus: holds genetic info Tissue i. Nervous ii. Epithelial: line and cover organs, make up glands iii. Muscle tissues: contract, move parts iv. Connective tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Structural level of organization by K.M. Kayes-Wandover, Ph.D.

3.

Organ Systems A Th d

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A. The student must realize that there is a strong inter-relationship betwee body.

i.

organ systems in the

B. The organ systems have major functions to maintain survival of the orga (reproduction). i. Movement: allows the organism to travel through the environmen of molecules within the organism. 1) Muscular, skeletal, digestive ii. Responsiveness: reaction to change 1) Respond to things like toxins, external threats 2) Nervous & Endocrine iii. Growth: increase in size without a change in shape 1) Endocrine, Respiratory, Nervous iv. Reproduction: production of new organisms and new cells v. Respiration: obtain oxygen, utilization of oxygen, and removal of c 1) Exchange of gasses: inhale O2 exhale CO2 2) Act of inhaling is external respiration 3) Transfer of oxygen to the lungs and formation into CO2 is internal vi. Digestion: breakdown of food into substances our body cells can vii. Absorption: passage of substances through membranes and into b viii. Excretion: removal of wastes ix. Circulation: movement of substances from place to place in fluids x. Assimilation: changing absorbed substances into chemically differ 1) Ex: Amino acids turn into proteins

Think about the role of each body system for survival of the organism C.

Four Major Categories i. Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal: Support, movement, and prot ii. Nervous, Endocrine: Integration and Coordination iii. Circulatory, Lymphatic (Immune), Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary: body iv. Reproductive: Reproduction & Development

IV. Homeostasis- the body's maintenance of a stable, internal environment

ism or species and allows transport

rbon dioxide

spiration

bsorb ody fluids

nt forms

ction Maintenance of the

IV. Homeostasis the body s maintenance of a stable, internal environment 1. All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis; it’s equilibrium, or a balance in which internal conditions change and vary, but alw limits 2. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms A. Components i. Variable: the regulated factor or event ii. Stimulus: causes a change in the variable iii. Sensory Receptor: structure that monitors changes in the environ info to the control center using an afferent pathway iv. Control Center aka Integration Center: Structure that determines variable, analyses input, and coordinates an appropriate response 1) Tells effector what to do using an efferent pathway v. Effector: Structure that carries out the response directed by the co vi. 3. Negative Feedback A. Regulates most homeostatic mechanisms B. Receives signals about changes in the internal environment and then ca revers the changes back to the set point i. Shuts off original stimulus or decreases its intensity C. Causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change D. Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body E. Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is acco nervous and endocrine systems F. Normal values for an individual and the idea of a normal range for the p important i. Examples: Maintenance of blood glucose, regulation of blood pres blood calcium levels, and body temperature Control Center

Sensor/Receptor

Effector

dynamic state of ays within narrow

ent and sends that he set point for a

ntrol center

ses responses that

mplished chiefly by the pulation are critically ure, regulation of

ii.

Imbalance

Variable Imbalance

iii. iv.

4.

M

Body Temperature Regulation A. Significance of Thermoregulation: i. Homeotherm: maintains constant body temperature B. Increased Body Temp

Activate heat loss center

i. Activate hea

Blood Temp goes up

Increase Vasodila vessels c radiatio

gain sensor

weat gland activity ion of the blood ols skin through

Hypothalamus

C. Decreased Body Temp 5. Positive Feedback Mechanisms A. Less common than negative feedback B. Output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus C. Increases the original stimulus and push the variable farther from its ori D. Typically activate event that produce counter signals being released the loop- have a defined stopping point E. Most are not related to the maintenance of homeostasis i. Examples: blood clotting, birth of a baby, protein digestion in the

ii.

6.

Homeostatic Imbalances: Pathologic States and Aging A. Ex: Type I diabetes mellitus B. Beta cells in the pancreas are unable to produce sufficient levels of insu glucose levels rise the body is unable to process it into energy and begi i. The body thinks it is low on glucose so it raises these levels even m glucose spike

V. Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Terminology: language used to describe the relative position of b easier communication

nal value suppress or break the

mall intestine

n, so when blood to use fats instead re causing a blood

ody parts, needed for

easier communication 2. Anatomical Position A. Anatomical Position: erect body faces front with feet parallel, arms han forward B. In anatomical positions, right & left refers to the subjects right and left C. In anatomy the anatomical position is always assumed regardless of the body i. Prone: lying down face down ii. Supine: lying down face up 3. Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position A. Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to anoth B. Clearer and saves time describing C. Terms i. Superior: above ii. Inferior: below iii. Anterior: front iv. Posterior: back v. Medial: towards the midline vi. Lateral: towards the side vii. Intermediate: between a more medial & a more lateral structure viii. Cephalic: head ix. Ventral: front x. Dorsal: back xi. Proximal: toward an attached base/closer to the trunk xii. Distal: away from attached base/trunk xiii. Superficial: close to surface (external) xiv. Deep: farther from surface (internal) xv. Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body xvi. Contralateral: on opposite sides of body D. 2 Fundamental Divisions of the Body i. Axial Region: head, neck, & trunk ii. Appendicular Region: upper and lower limbs iii. Regional terms designate specific areas within the axil and append E. Quadrupeds: i. Cranial: towards head ii Caudal: towards tail

ing at sides w/ palms

actual position of the

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cular divisions

4.

ii. Caudal: towards tail iii. Ventral: towards stomach iv. Dorsal: towards back Surface Anatomy Regional Terms A. Landmarks that are only found on the anterior or lateral aspect of the b i. Antebrachial: forearm ii. Antecubital: anterior elbow iii. Patellar: knee cap iv. Buccal: cheek v. Facial: face, eyes down to chin vi. Frontal: forehead vii. Orbital/Ocular: eye viii. Otic: ear ix. Nasal: nose x. Oral: mouth xi. Mental: chin xii. Mammary: breast xiii. Pectoral: chest xiv. Inguinal: groin xv. Umbilical: naval xvi. Pubic: pelvis xvii. Hallux: big toe xviii. Pollex: thumb xix. Crural: shin (anterior leg) xx. Palmer/Volar: palm xxi. Thoracic: deep to the pectoral and sternal xxii. Pectoral: lateral chest xxiii. Sternal: medial chest B. Landmarks found only on the posterior aspect of the body: i. Calcaneal: heel ii. Popliteal: back of knee iii. Olecranal: posterior elbow iv. Gluteal: buttocks v. Lumbar: lower back vi. Sacral: inferior to the lumbar, superior to gluteal vii. Sural: posterior calf

dy:

viii. Occipital: back of head ix. Dorsum: upper back x. Scapular: shoulder blade xi. Phalangeal: posterior digital xii. Manus: back of the hand xiii. Vertebral: spine C. Other Landmarks include: i. Cranial: skull from eyebrows up all surrounding area ii. Cephalic: head, entire head iii. Cervical: neck iv. Axillary: armpit v. Brachial: upper arm vi. Antebrachial: forearm vii. Coxal: hip viii. Pedal: foot ix. Plantar: sole of foot x. Carpal: wrist xi. Digital: fingers/toes xii. Pollex: thumb xiii. Femoral: thigh What is the posterior femoral region called? xiv. Tarsal: ankle xv. Acromial: uppermost shoulder NOT DELTOID REGION xvi. Manual: whole hand 5. Terms Referring to Abdominopelvic Areas: A. Abdominopelvic Regions i. Epigastric region: superior to umbilical region 1) Epi: above, gastric: stomach ii. Right & left hypochondriac region: flank he epigastric region just b the lower ribs 1) Chondro: cartilage iii. Hypogastric region: inferior to the umbilical regions 1) Hypo: below iv. Right and left iliac, or inguinal regions: lateral to the hypogastric re 1) Iliac: superior part of the hip bone v. Umbilical region: centermost region, deep to & surrounding the um

low the cartilage of

ion near the hip bones bilicus (navel)

vi. Right and left lumbar regions: lateral to the umbilical region, form back 1) Lumbus: loin

vii.

B. Four Quadrants: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

i.

6.

Terms Referring to Body Sections (cuts, planes) A. Frontal (Coronal) section: cut made along a lengthwise plane that divid into anterior/posterior parts (1 on diagram) B. Sagittal Section: cut is made lengthwise (longitudinal) plane of the bod right (2 on diagram) i. Midsagittal: cut made down the median plane of the body dividing C. Transverse (Axial) section: cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing superior/inferior parts (3 on diagram)

region of the lower

s the body or organ dividing it into left and t into parts he body or organ into

D.

7. Body Cavities A. Dorsal cavity: houses the CNS i. Cranial cavity: space within the bony skull (brain) ii. Spinal cavity: extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the ver B. Ventral cavity i. Thoracic cavity: separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by th 1) Includes pleural cavity: lungs 2) And pericardial cavity: heart ii. Abdominopelvic cavity: just inferior to the diaphragm 1) Note: diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from the abd 2) Abdominal cavity: superior 3) Pelvic cavity: inferior

C.

ebral column diaphragm

minopelvic cavities

8.

Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity A. Membrane: soft, thin, pliable layer of tissues that either i. Visceral: covers a vital (visceral) organ ii. Parietal: lines a body cavity or body wall iii. Space in-between is the cavity B. Serous fluid is secreted into spaces between the membranes for lubrica adhesions C. There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, an i. Serous membranes of the heart 1) Visceral pericardium: on surface of heart 2) Parietal pericardium: lines the cavity in which the heart is fou 3) Pericardial cavity: space between two membranes ii. Serous membrane of the lungs 1) Visceral pleura: on surface of the lung 2) Parietal pleura: lines the cavity in which the lungs are found 3) Pleural cavity: space between the two membranes iii. Serous Membranes of the abdominal organs 1) Visceral peritoneum: membrane on the surface of each orga cavity 2) Parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal cavity 3) Peritoneal cavity: space between the 2 membranes

ion and to prevent d abdominal organs

d

within the abdominal...