Introduction to Pharmacology, Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

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Intro to Pharm Study Guide Exam 1 SPU NU210...

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NU210 Pharmacology

Exam 1

Study Guide 1.

Drug categories : Under each body system there are various types of drug. Drugs

in each category usually work in a very similar manner and share the same therapeutic effect. They have many of the same adverse effects and contraindications. There are different drug categories for Different body systems are Nervous system, Respiratory system, Cardiovascular System, Hematologic System, Gastrointestinal system, Reproductive, Endocrine, Immune systems, Infection, Nutrition, Joint and Bone Conditions, Pain and Inflammation.

2.

Prototype The prototype for a category is the drug Provider most commonly prescribes. Make

sure that you study the drug administration table for each category’s prototypical drug. Individual drug that represents a drug class 3.

Generic vs. Trade/Brand names: Generic : Company develops drug and gives it an official name.(Acetaminophen)

Brand/Trade name = Drug’s commercial name, which may vary (Tylenol). Generic drugs are generically cheaper than brand or trade name drugs. Generic names are not capitalized. Patients and insurance companies prefer the generic drugs because of the difference in cost. ● A drug can have more than one trade name, but only one generic name. Generics are recognized by lower case letters. Brand name drugs start with a capital letter and can be seen in parentheses next to the generic name 4.

FDA = Food and Drug Administration conducts studies to make sure that each

new generic drug has the same therapeutic equivalence as the original brand name drug.

Once FDA approves, generic drug can hit the market. Determine effectiveness and safety. Classify pregnancy precautions.

5.

Prescription vs. nonprescription Prescription = requires a prescription from the provider. These drugs are

potentially harmful and can’t be obtained without the supervision of NP, MD, or PA. (eg = antibiotic, antihypertensive, Diuretics, narcotic analgesics) Non prescription = These are usually OVER THE COUNTER drugs. No prescription is required. These drugs require no supervision of these providers. FDA considers these drugs rather safe and are available at the grocery stores.

6.

OTC = Over the Counter

7.

Pharmaceutics: It addresses how various drug forms affect the dissolution of the

drug, Absorption rate and Onset of the action Oral  drugs=  Many clients take drugs by mouth such as tablets, capsules, liquids= oral inhaled drugs.Some drugs comes in form that delay the release of the drug For eg = Enteric- coated (EC)(releases in intestine), Extended release (ER) (release over a period of time), Extended Length (EL), Sustained Release (SR) Immediate-release form = expedites release of drug. Parenteral  drugs = These are administered one of three ways: intravenously into the vein (IV), Intramuscularly in the muscle (IM), and subcutaneously into subcutaneous tissue (sub-Q) . These drugs are available in liquid or dry version that needed liquid added usually called reconstitution. Do not experience first pass effect Areas rich in blood supply receives highest level of drug (liver/kidneys/heart) and areas low in blood supply receive lower levels (bones/blood-brain barrier) Topical = It applies directly to skin. It usually has the immediate onset of action. Transdermal = It absorbs through the skin, and delayed onset of action. 8.

Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption- Movement of drug from site of administration to various tissues of the body Distribution- Movement of drug by circulatory system to intended site of action.

Metabolism-CChange that occurs in a drug – liver most responsible. To a more or less potent form, To a more soluble form, To an inactive form. Excretion- Elimination of medications from the body, primarily through the kidneys. Also takes place through the liver, lungs, intestines, and exocrine glands

9.

Half-Life of drugs: the time it takes for a drug to decrease by 50% in the body.

Reflects how quickly and efficiently a drug metabolizes and excretes. Drugs with a short half life are administered several times per day. Drugs with a long half life are administered only once per day. 10. Onset, Peak, and Duration: Onset: amount of time for a drug to demonstrate a therapeutic response Peak: amount of time for a drug to demonstrate its full therapeutic effect Duration: amount of time the drug’s therapeutic action lasts 11. Peak and trough levels Peak level - drug  is at highest level in body [measure 1 hour after administration] Trough level - drug is at lowest level in body [measure 1 hour before administration] 12. Therapeutic effects Therapeutic effects - INTENDED effects of drug. Expected physiological effect (the reason the medication is being administered) some medications have more than one. Exbenadryl for allergies or sleep 13. Adverse effects Adverse effects - UNINTENDED and unexpected effects that are more severe/ life threatening [allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, confusion, incoordination, dizzy, hyperactivity] 14. Side effects Side effects - UNINTENDED effects that commonly occur and are mild in nature [headache, fatigue, dry mouth, drowsiness] 15. Agonist Agonist - Drugs that bind with receptor and precipitate greater than typical response [example is morphine activates receptors that produce analgesia, sedation and constipation] Activate the receptor and increase the effects of normal cellular function

16. Antagonist Antagonist - drugs that bind with receptor and block response or less than typical response [example is narcan] 2 drugs together lead to a decreased effect. Competitive antagonists compete w/agonist for receptor sites. Noncompetitive block agonists access to receptor sites 17. Allergic reaction Allergic reaction - most severe type of adverse reaction [ itching,rash, hives, anaphylactic shock] 18. Anaphylactic shock Anaphylactic shock - exaggerated response of body's immune system to a drug; massive release of histamine & other chemical mediators. Symptoms include the following: swelling of eyes,face, mouth, throat, difficulty breathing/wheezing, rapid heart rate, low BP, cardiac arrest. Nursing interventions= re-establish airway and administer oxygen. Adminster epinepherine to raise BP and dilate bronchi. Administer diphenydramine to block release of hystamines. 19. Drug tolerance Drug tolerance - bodys decreased response to drug it receives over a period of time [for therapeutic effect, providers must increase dosage]; tolerance to narcotic pain drugs can result after 10 to 14 consecutive days of therapy 20. Cumulative effect Cumulative effect - amount of drug patient receives is greater than the rate it is excreted [need decrease in drug dosages accordingly]; this is common in older adults (decreased in cardiac/kidney function), patients with liver disease 21. Drug toxicity Drug toxicity - patient receives excessive dosages, impaired excretion of drugs allows it to build up in the body. It is important to draw serum drug levels reguluary and monitor signs/symptoms for drug toxicity. Effects may be irreversible & life-threatening Examples → Vancomycin [Vancocin] - permanent damage to cranial nerve 8, may cause decreased hearing or deafness

Acetaminophen [Tylenol] - temporarily or permanent damage to the liver [ resulting in liver failure] Nursing interventions: draw drug serum levels regularly and monitor for signs of toxicity 22. Teratogenic Teratogenic - interferes with development of embryo/fetus; fetus is at risk for birth defect Examples → isotretinoin, phenytoin, alcohol, cocaine 23. Precautions (use with consideration; benefits must outweigh risks) examples: certain diseases, doseage modifications, restrictions for age, clinical situations in which the drug involves particular risk and Contraindications (do not use in patients with certain diagnoses. Ex- pregnancy) 24. Drug-drug  interactions- When one drug changes the way another drug affects the body. 25. Drug-Food  interactions- foods that bind to or block receptor sites causing medication to build up in the body (toxicity) 26. Additive Additive effect - drugs with similar pharmacological actions; results in an increase in overall effect; 1+1= 2 [Alcohol and Opioids] 27. Synergistic Synergistic effect - drugs with differents sites or MOA (mechanism of action), results in greater effects when taken together (effects are GREATER than 2); 1+1>2 [aspirin with warfarin = excessive bleeding] 28. Antagonistic Antagonistic - combined drugs alter the overall sum effet or negate each other, results in an effect less than that of each drug alone, one drug blocks the other; 1+1...