Introduction to Kinesiology Study Guide PDF

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UGA KINS 2010
Introduction to Kinesiology
Professor Karl Newell...

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KINS 2010 Introduction To Kinesiology Chap 4 ❖ Philosophy of Physical Activity ➢ Aims to provide a clear and objective perspective from which to untangle complex considerations ➢ Why use philosophical thinking? ■ Nature and Value of Philosophy 1. Involves various types of reflection 2. Philosophy can produce results that are valuable and reliable 3. 4 Types of Philosophical Claims ◆ Personal Opinion- indicates individual taste or preference ➢ Lowest level of truth b/c its difficult to support and create persuasive judgements ➢ True for a given person but not others ➢ Ex: vanilla ice cream is the best ◆ Speculation ➢ Not merely opinions but are hard to support w/ evidence ➢ Claim = plausible w/ reasonable doubts ➢ Ex: claim God exists ➢ Unlikely that evidence will ever come along to support or refute such claims ◆ Probable Assertion- claim around which considerable amount of evidence can be gathered ➢ Evidence may speak to personal experience, logic, immediate insight or intuition, or objective observations of the world and human behavior ➢ Likely to be true or partly true ➢ Ex: all human beings should enjoy certain rights ◆ Truth Assertion- claims that are very difficult to question ➢ Ex: it is wrong to torture people 4. KEY POINT: philosophers reflect more than measure, reflections range from informed personal opinions and highly speculative assertions to claims that are likely to be true 5. Philosophy asks the big, meaning-of-life questions and uses research tools that transcend other disciplines 6. KEY POINT: philosophy of physical activity involves reflecting on the nature and value of both tangible and intangible objects ■ Philosophers and Scientists Working Together 1. Methods and products complement other disciplines 2. Uses a holistic representation of the spheres of physical activities ➢ What do Philosophers do? ■ Objective is to better understand human movement aka physical activity 1. Metaphysics- the branch of philosophy that distinguishes one thing from another

KINS 2010 Introduction To Kinesiology 2. Epistemology- the branch of philosophy that examines how we know things and with what assurance we can claim that something is true ◆ Has to do with bias, perspective, objectivity, socialization, or enculturation, and other issues related to the strength of the conclusions that we reach 3. Axiology- the branch of philosophy that examines the value of things ◆ Makes judgements about the relative worth of things in the world and experiences 4. Ethics- is the branch of philosophy that examines how we ought to behave ◆ Right v wrong, good v bad and what is morally responsible ➢ History of Philosophy of Physical Activity ■ Philosophy of sport grew b/c 1. Both philosophers and philosophy of sports classes were few dt the focuses of physical sciences 2. Cognate area of philosophy is uniquely conservative 3. Early philosophers of sport worked hard to separate themselves from education and other applied fields  ➢ Research Methods for Philosophy of Physical Activity ■ Employ values to determine what is worth looking at and what is not ■ Reflect during the process of formulating their research problem, coming up with a potential hypotheses, and developing a research design ■ KEY POINT: gap b/w those who reflect and those who measure is narrow. Both affected by physical realities and by the force of ideas and meanings ■ Inductive Reasoning- moves from the examination of a limited number of specific examples to broad, general conclusions ■ Deductive Reasoning- starts with general principles and attempts to examine specific examples ■ Descriptive Reasoning- involves looking at one example of an event and describing its essential qualities ■ Phenomenology- get back in touch with their experiences and examine them to determine what they mean ■ KEY POINT: Inductive Reasoning begins w/ specific cases and develops broad conclusions. Deductive reasoning begins w/ broad premises and determines specific conclusions, Descriptive reasoning begins one example and varies it to see how dramatically the phenomenon changes ➢ Overview of Knowledge in Philosophy of Physical Activity ■ Who are our Clients? ● Materialism- monistic position b/c it posits the person as being only made of one thing- atoms ● Dualism- mind and body ● Holism- bodymind, refuses to separate the two ● KEY POINT: h  ow we deal w/ people is affected by what we think a person is

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Why are sports, competition, and play so popular? ● KEY POINT: Sport’s popularity= philosophical ?-What accounts for the allure of competition, sports, and play? ● Autotelic Attitude-while at play we are not interested in the payoff but the activity itself ● Values Related to Physical Activity 1. Health-related physical fitness 2. Knowledge of the human body, physical activity, and health practices 3. Motor skill 4. Pleasure or fun

 KEY POINT: e ach of the four values promoted by physical activity would lead to a different sort of program if used as a central guide for planning and intervention ■ Ethical concerns ● KEY POINT: ethical reflection in sport requires critical examination of societal understandings about right and wrong,tendencies that favor self interest, and conceptualization of what is good for sport and everybody involved in it ❖ REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. The main goal of philosophical study of physical activity is to understand the nature of health and physical activity. It covers metaphysical issues- distinguishing one thing from another, epistemology- examines how we know things and with what assurance can we claim that something is true, axiology- the branch of philosophy that examines the value of things and ethics- examines how we ought to behave. 2. The major change that in philosophy that occured in the 1960s was that they began to use philosophical techniques to produce new insights about physical activity itself- especially sport. 3. Three reasoning processes that serve as central research tools in philosophical studies in physical activity are inductive reasoning-moves from small ideas to broad conclusions, deductive reasoning- broad, general principles to specific examples, and descriptive reasoning- looks at one example and describes its essential qualities. 4. The concept of blended unity of body and mind aka holism argues that our physical nature is always shaped and influenced by our physicality. Thus, neither the physical nor thoughtful side of our nature has any independence. This allows intervention at many levels from embodied ideas to cells. 5. The relationship between skills and rules in sport is that sport is a game in which motor skills are required to reach its goal. However, rules prohibit certain actions that might increase participants’ ability to accomplish the objective. The restrictions posed provide the game with its distinctive artificiality and sports test specific motor skills. It is within the rules of the game that the skills meant to be tested become relevant and valuable.  6. Dutylike play, sport, and physical activity focus on not the process but the payoffs of participation in sport and physical activity. They are presented as valuable because they ●

KINS 2010 Introduction To Kinesiology help us improve ourselves in concrete and desirable ways. Focus is on external rewards and can diminish intrinsic worth. 7. The four values promoted by the field of physical activity are health- related fitness- concerned about assessing fitness, measuring fitness changes that result from physical activity and promoting physically active living, knowledge of the human body,physical activity and health practices - believe information is a precursor to improved behavior and encourages more research in the scholarly disciplines of kinesiology, motor skill- concentrate on teaching the correct movements and technique, and pleasure or fun related physical activity- make sure games are simple for beginners, more complex for advanced players and that the games are suited for the motor skills of the players complexity is increased by competition which can make the game more fun. 8. We can decide what kinds of performances enhancement are morally defensible through investigations to examine the ethics connected with using different kinds of aids to enhance sport performance and through the debate of current bands. 9. Ethical standards are constantly evolving as society develops and as new technology develops new ethical questions arise. Chap 5 ❖ History of Physical Activity a. The goals of history of physical activity are to identify and describe the patterns of change and stability in physical activity in particular societies or cultures during specific periods and to analyze such patterns b. Why use History of Physical Activity ■ KEY POINT: h  istory of physical activity teaches us about changes as well as stability in the past- helps us to understand the present and make reasonable decisions for the future c. What do historians of physical activity do? ■ KEY POINT: m  ost physical activity historians are college faculty members. Pursue 2 main goals- identifying and describing key patterns and analyzing those patterns through research, teaching, and service. d. History of Kinesiology and Physical Activity e. Research Methods for History of Physical Activity ■ Modernization Theory- emphasized that the rise of modern sport occurred during the Industrial Revolution as U.S. society shifted away from agricultural and local economies towards city-based industries rooted in science and technology ■ Human Agency- suggested people were actively involved in developing or constructing their own sports ■ KEY POINT: h  istorical research involves finding sources that contain evidence about past events, critiquing the sources for authenticity and credibility, and analyzing the data contained in the sources in order to learn how and why things happened f. Overview of Knowledge in History of Physical Activity ■ KEY POINT: t hroughout the 19th century in the United States, interest increased in physical activities, including gymnastics, baseball, football, crew,

KINS 2010 Introduction To Kinesiology track and field, horse racing, boxing, bicycle, ad less well-known sports tied to people’s ethnic origins ■ KEY POINT: t he earliest identifiable U.S. physical activity profession- teaching physical education- was established in the late 19th century during a period of high interest in physical activity for health among college students/ general public ■ KEY POINT: t hrough scholarly knowledge about physical activity became important in a few teaching training curriculums in the late 19th century, it more often took a backseat to learning physical activities and practical knowledge about teaching them ■ KEY POINT: S  port was America’s favorite activity in the first half of the 20th century. Paid less attention to exercise though interest picked up during the two world wars in order to improve physical fitness ■ KEY POINT: research on physical activity started to expand in the late 20s. Many physical educators studied topics relevant to teaching physical education, while some continued to examine other biophysical aspects of physical activity ■ KEY POINT: the enthusiasm of americans- both as direct participants and as spectators- for a widening array of sports and exercises mushroomed in the second half of the 20th century ■ KEY POINT: i n the middle of the 20th century, most physical education majors entered the same profession- physical education teaching. By the end of the century, they could choose from a wide array of physical activity centers ■ KEY POINT: beginning in the 60s the discipline of kinesiology grew rapidly and branched into numerous scholarly subdisciplines ❖ REVIEW QUESTIONS:  1. The goals of history of physical activity are to identify and describe the patterns of change and stability in physical activity in particular societies or cultures during specific periods and to analyze such patterns. 2. Three ways in which a kinesiology practitioner might use knowledge of physical activity would be to analyze fitness trends, gives them tools to for building interest in their lessons by helping students discover the development and evolution of an activity, and also helps us make better decisions today. 3. Describe participation in physical activity in the U.S. during… a. 1840-1900- called fro more vigorous physical activity esp for boys and men and recommended moderate exercises for women and girls. Gymnastics was popular b. 1900-1950- competitive sport was popular. Intercollegiate sport dominated by football. Competitive sports were common for young boys, girls and womens sports were subdued, lots of racial discrimination in competitive sports interest in exercise renewed during WW2 c. 1950-increase of health-related exercise, adult participation in activity increased, number of commercial health clubs increase, since 2010 decrease in physical activity, integration of competitive sports ❖ Chap 6

KINS 2010 Introduction To Kinesiology ➢ Sociology of Physical Activity ➢ REVIEW QUESTIONS: ■ 1. The goals of the sociological study of physical activity are to look at physical activity with a penetrating gaze that goes beyond our common understanding of social life, to identify and analyze patterns of change and stability in physical activity, and to critique physical activity programs in order to identify problems and recommend changes to enhance equality and human well-being. ■ 2. The expanding research directions in sociology of physical activity from 1970 to the present are an increasingly wide range of topics including forms of inequality, globalization and regional and national differences, societal conceptions of the human body, and disability and ability and obesity. ■ 3. The six research methods most commonly used in sociology of physical activity are surveys- using questionnaires that are either completed directly by respondents or filled out by a researcher during brief highly structured interviews, interviews- used when you want broader and deeper info and hard to observe info, thematic analysis- content/ textual analysis to investigate cultural materials such as magazine and newspaper articles, photos, verbal and visual content of TV programs, interview data, sporting events, and sport celebrities, Ethnography- observe ordinary events, often taking part in them themselves, talking with people about what’s happening, and keeping careful field notes so they can remember details, Societal Analysis- examine the sweep of social life, usually from the perspective of a broad social theory. ■ 4. The ties between participation in physical activity and power relationships based on ● Gender- women tend to participate in sports and physical activities that are considered socially appropriate (ex- less body contact, prominent aesthetic dimensions, and less strength development) women occupy a small proportion of coaching and leadership positions, and many sports serve as vehicles for exploring, celebrating and privileging masculinity and express ideas that are problematic for girls and women and boys and men who are not athletically inclined ● Race and Ethnicity- large numbers of african american athletes play major team sports and participate in track and field, but their representation is disproportionately low in in most other sports and in leadership roles in U.S. society, few African Americans reach important sport leadership positions, even in team sports that feature many African American players, African American athletes who engage in “cool pose” express creativity, strength, and pride associated with masculinity; however media members sometimes characterize them in racially stereotyped ways that strip away some of their racial identity ● socioeconomic status- influences the types of physical activities that people have access to; physical activities that require expensive equipment, facilities, and coaching are mostly beyond the reach of people at lower income levels. Wealthy people occupy influential leadership positions in popular spectator sports and in some physical

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activities. Those at the lowest levels of socioeconomic status rarely find themselves in positions of leadership 6. Identify contrasting beliefs underlying debate over the issue of mascots depicting American Indian figures. Critics argue that such representations depict false and degrading images of native americans and contribute to the miseducation of Americans by reproducing a kind of cultural illiteracy about native people and they feed into stereotypes. These sport teams defend sport team use of American Indian symbols assert that such use of imagery constitutes a tribute and argue for their right to adopt and own the images for marketing purposes.

❖ Chap 7 ➢ Motor Behavior ■ REVIEW QUESTIONS: ● 1. The study of motor behavior differs from the psychology of sport b/c it focuses on how skills are learned and controlled and how movement changes from birth throughout life. Motor Behavior began as a branch of psychology in studying physical activity. ● 2. The difference between motor control and motor learning is that motor control is essential for every movement, from poorly to well skilled. Motor Control holds that the brain uses the central nervous system to to initiate muscle movements to produce desired movement. The goal of most motor control movements is to rely on the brain as little as possible once the movement is initiated. Motor learning is responsible for the shift from poorly skilled to well skilled movement. 2 principles of motor learning are that correct practice improves performance and supports learning and augmented feedback enhances practice and learning. ● 3. The change in motor learning and motor control throughout the lifespan is important because motor behavior holds interest to many researchers and practitioners. Understanding the learning, control, and development of movements plays an essential role in our society. ● 4. Practice Issues: ◆ Feedback- guides the learner toward performing the task correctly and reinforces correct performances ◆ Retention- performing a task after a time without practice to determine recall ◆ Transfer- how practice on one task or in one context can affect performance on a related task or in a different context. ◆ Goal Setting ◆ Scheduling ❖ Chap 8: ➢ Sport and Exercise Psychology ■ REVIEW QUESTIONS: ● 1. The ABC’s that are studied by kinesiologists in sport and exercise psychologists are Affect (emotion) ex- anxiety and anger’s effect on

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performance, Behavior ex- why are some people so persistent with workout routines, and Cognition (thought processes) ex- why athletes choke under pressure 2. Coleman Griffith’s early work was significant b/c he engaged in the first systematic examination of the psychological effects of sports in the 1920s. However, no one continued his work so the area was not recognized as a subdiscipline of kinesiology until the 60s. 3. The six methods used in sport and exercise psychology are questionnaires, interviews, observation, physiological measures- biofeedback measures of physical, mental and emotional responses, biochemical measures -drawing and analyzing blood or urine for chemicals from the body, and content analysis- analyze written material from various sources....