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Lab Manual: ESIOT Lab

Computer Engineering Department ASSIGNMENT No: 01

Title: Study of Raspberry-Pi, Beagle board, Arduino

Problem Statement: Study of Raspberry-Pi, Beagle board, Arduino and other micro controller (History & Elevation) Objective: 1. To understand of Raspberry-Pi 2. To study Beagle board 3. To study Arduino and other micro controller Theory:

A Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized computer originally designed for education, inspired by the 1981 BBC Micro. Creator Eben Upton's goal was to create a low-cost device that would improve programming skills and hardware understanding at the pre-university level. But thanks to its small size and accessible price, it was quickly adopted by tinkerers, makers, and electronics enthusiasts for projects that require more than a basic microcontroller (such as Arduino devices). The Raspberry Pi is slower than a modern laptop or desktop but is still a complete Linux computer and can provide all the expected abilities that implies, at a low-power consumption level. In February 2012, the UK based company Raspberry Pi Foundation has launched a very lowcost and credit card sized programming computer named as Raspberry Pi 1. It had a basic design, which plugs into a TV or computer monitor, and uses a standard keyboard and a mouse. It was capable of doing each thing that a desktop computer can do by using programming languages like Scratch and Python, like browsing the web, making excel sheets and word documents, playing HD videos or games, etc. Is the Raspberry Pi open hardware? The Raspberry Pi is open hardware, with the exception of the primary chip on the Raspberry Pi, the Broadcomm SoC (System on a Chip), which runs many of the main components of the board–CPU, graphics, memory, the USB controller, etc. Many of the projects made with a Raspberry Pi are open and well-documented as well and are things you can build and modify yourself. What are the differences in Raspberry Pi models? The Raspberry Pi Foundation has just recently released a new model, the Raspberry Pi 2, which supersedes some of the previous boards, although the older boards will still be produced as long as there is a demand for them. It is generally backwards compatible with International Institute of Information Technology, Pune

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previous versions of the board, so any tutorials or projects you see which were built for a previous version of the board should still work. There are a two Raspberry Pi models, the A and the B, named after the afore mentioned BBC Micro, which was also released in a Model A and a Model B. The A comes with 256MB of RAM and one USB port. It is cheaper and uses less power than the B. The current model B comes with a second USB port, an ethernet port for connection to a network, and 512MB of RAM. The Raspberry Pi A and B boards been upgraded to the A+ and B+ respectively. These upgrades make minor improvements, such as an increased number of USB ports and improved power consumption, particularly in the B What kind of operating system does the Raspberry Pi run? The Raspberry Pi was designed for the Linux operating system, and many Linux distributions now have a version optimized for the Raspberry Pi. Two of the most popular options are Raspbian, which is based on the Debian operating system, and Pidora, which is based on the Fedora operating system. For beginners, either of these two work well; which one you choose to use is a matter of personal preference. A good practice might be to go with the one which most closely resembles an operating system you’re familiar with, in either a desktop or server environment. If you would like to experiment with multiple Linux distributions and aren't sure which one you want, or you just want an easier experience in case something goes wrong, try NOOBS, which stands for New Out Of Box Software. When you first boot from the SD card, you will be given a menu with multiple distributions (including Raspbian and Pidora) to choose from. If you decide to try a different one, or if something goes wrong with your system, you simply hold the Shift key at boot to return to this menu and start over. There are, of course, lots of other choices. OpenELEC and RaspBMC are both operating system distributions based on Linux that are targeted towards using the Raspberry Pi as a media center. There are also non-Linux systems, like RISC OS, which run on the Pi. Some enthusiasts have even used the Raspberry Pi to learn about operating systems by designing their own. 1. Raspberry Pi Model A+ After the first Raspberry Pi Model A was launched in February 2012, with the letter release of the Raspberry Pi Model B, the company was looking to upgrade the features of these basic models. And after a year of the first release, the Raspberry Pi Model A+ was launched. •It has more GPIO pins and better audio with a dedicated low-noise power supply •It is having a nicer push-push micro SD card socket, which is the replacement of the old friction-fit SD card version •It has switching regulators which help in consuming low power comparing to linear regulators in the model A •It has aligned USB connector, four square mounting holes, composite video moved onto 3.5mm jack, and all these things make it 2cm shorter than the original Pi – smaller, neater International Institute of Information Technology, Pune

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design •It is a good option for embedded projects, the projects in which Ethernet or multiple USB ports are not required, and where low power is required

2. Raspberry Pi Model B+ The Raspberry Pi Model B+ was the final revision of the original model of the Raspberry Pi family. It is versatile and low-cost Pi, which is confidently much-valued performer than the A, A+, and B models. Comparing it to the original model B, •It has more GPIO pins, which are having the same pinout as in the Raspberry Pi model A and B •Replacing the old type of friction-fit SD card socket, it has push-push nicer micro SD version •It has 4 USB 2.0 ports, which are doubled than are in model B •It consumes low power with switching regulators and has better audio with a dedicated lownoise power supply •It has a neater and smaller form factor which is better than the model B and as same as model A+ •It is the best choice if you require good connectivity, but not necessarily required top-notch performance as in general applications

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3. Raspberry Pi 2 Model B This is the second generation Raspberry Pi model which is thereplacement of the Raspberry Pi Model B+. With the updated chipset, 1GB RAM with a quad-core processor, it is top-ofthe-line performer Pi member. It is even capable of running Windows IoT (Internet of Things) applications, which makes it a surprisingly capable beast. •It comes with a 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor with 1GB RAM •Same as model B+, it is having 40 GPIO pins, 4 USB ports, HDMI and Ethernet ports, combined composite video and 3.5mm audio jack, Camera and Display interfaces, Micro SD card slot, and a VideoCore IV 3D Graphics core •It can run a full range of ARM GNU/Linux versions •It requires third times more power than the Model A+ and Model B+, even then it sucks up less than a single Watt power •It has an identical form factor compared to the Raspberry Pi Model B+ and also it is completely compatible with the Original Raspberry Pi •It is best for – what to say- for anything, just can be overpowered if you require something very small or for a single use

4. Raspberry Pi Zero This is the revolutionary, world’s cheapest tiny programmable computer which is priced only $5 at the time it was launched. The Raspberry Pi Zero is almost half the size of the model A+ with doubled utility.. International Institute of Information Technology, Pune

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•It is 40% faster than the original Pi model •Comes with a single-core CPU with 512MB RAM and 1GHz speed •It has on-the-go mini HDMI and USB ports •Requires micro USB power •It has composite video and reset headers, and an HAT-compatible 40-pin header •It only requires some more connectivity and soldering if you want to use it for some complex projects •It is the best version to choose if you want single-use applications and low-powered projects

5. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B On the leap day of 2016, the Raspberry Pi Foundation has launched its smartest and fastest Pi version named as the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B. It is a $35 computer, which has everything in features to challenge the modern PCs. It has an elevated performance, which makes it comfortable for using as a desktop computer. •It comes with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, which outperforms all the previous models which require a separate connection for each •It is compatible with the latest wireless 802.11n standards •It comes with a Broadcom 2837 64-bit quad-core processor, which runs at 1.2GHZ speed •It has 1GB SDRAM and micro SD card storage slot •It has 40 GPIO Pins, 4 USB 2.0 ports, and full HDMI & Ethernet ports •Also included Camera & Display interfaces, combined composite video and 3.5mm audio jack, graphics core of VideoCore IV 3D •It is compatible with the original Pi models and the Pi 2 •It has an identical form factor that of Raspberry Pi 2 Model B •It is IoT-ready and is best for anything you have in mind to build with, best for schools as well

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Benchmark: Raspberry Model A+ Pi:

Model B+

Pi 2 Model B

Pi Zero

Pi 3 Model B

Nov 2014

July 2014

Feb 2015

Nov 2015

Feb 2016

Available: Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Price (US$):

25

35

5

35

Release:

20

900MHz 321GHz 700MHz single 700MHz single bit quad-core ARM1176JZF-S core Processor: core ARM single core ARM1176JZF-S ARM1176JZF-S Cortex-A7

1.2GHz 64bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

SoC

Broadcom BCM2835

Broadcom BCM2835

RAM:

512MB Shared

512 MB Shared 1GB Shared 512MB Shared

1GB Shared

USB 2.0 Ports:

1

4

4

Broadcom BCM2836

4

Broadcom BCM2835

1

Broadcom BCM2837

Beagle Board The beagleboard is a low-power open-source single-board computer produced by Texas Instruments in association with Digi-Key and Newark element14. The beagleboard was also designed with open source software development in mind, and as a way of demonstrating the Texas Instrument's OMAP3530 system-on-a-chip. The board was developed by a small team of engineers as an educational board that could be used in colleges around the world to teach International Institute of Information Technology, Pune

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open source hardware and software capabilities. It is also sold to the public under the Creative Commons share-alike license. The board was designed using Cadence orcad for schematics and Cadence Allegro for PCB manufacturing; no simulation software was used. There are two distinct versions of the BeagleBone: the Original BeagleBone and the BeagleBone Black. The two boards are similar except for a few small details. Here is the Original BeagleBone:

Another familiar, common designation on the web for the BeagleBone Black is BBB. Here is the BeagleBone Black:

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Following are the components featured in both the Original BeagleBone and the BeagleBone Black: ·

· ·

·

Processor: You can call the processor the “brains” of your BeagleBone. Both boards feature an ARM Cortex-A8 operating at a maximum speed of 720MHz for the Original BeagleBone and 1GHz for the BeagleBone Black. This means that the latter makes a decision/calculation every 0.000000001 second! RAM: The Original BeagleBone has 256MB of DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2), whereas the BeagleBone Black has 512MB of DDR3. microSD card slot: The Original BeagleBone doesn’t have any built-in memory, so it always needs to have a microSD card inside to be able to work. By default, it comes with a 4GB microSD card. The BeagleBone Black doesn’t come with a microSD card because it has built-in memory. Regardless, you can still insert a microSD card into it to install or update your operating system or because you want to have more available memory to play around with. DC power connector: Your BeagleBone needs 5 volts (V) and 500 milliamps (mA) of direct current to power up. Connecting the BeagleBone to your computer with a USB cable also provides the necessary power for the board to power up. If you have a connector that fits into your BeagleBone connector, that doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s the right power adapter! Not all power adapters provide exactly 5V; some of them actually provide 12V. You also need to check for the connector’s polarity; the center ring has to provide the 5V and the outer ring has to provide Ground (GND). You need to be careful. Even though the board has a voltage regulator, feeding it excess power or wrong polarity could permanently damage it!

· · ·

·

·

USB client: Both boards offer an USB client for powering up, communications, and debugging. USB host: Both boards include one USB port. This port enables you to connect peripherals such as a keyboard or a USB stick. Ethernet: Both boards feature a standard RJ45 Ethernet port. By plugging an Ethernet cable in it and connecting the BeagleBone directly to a router or by sharing the Wi-Fi connection of your computer, you can easily manage software on your BeagleBone, as well as build projects that require an Internet connection. Headers: The BeagleBone headers, labeled P8 and P9, can be used in many ways. You can use them to insert capes or supply power, for example, and you can program them to establish communications with other devices or act as inputs or outputs. USR LEDs: The USR LEDs indicate the status of your board: o USR0: Blinks for as long as the system is running o USR1: Blinks whenever the microSD card is being accessed o USR2: Blinks to indicate that the central processing unit (CPU) is active

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USR3: For the BeagleBone Black, this LED blinks when the eMMC (embedded MultiMediaCard) memory is being accessed Reset button: This button resets your board when you press it. Keep in mind, though, that your BeagleBone is just like a regular computer; you should reboot it this way only when it crashes. o

·

·

Besides the previously mentioned components, the BeagleBone Black has a few additional components. These are: eMMC: The eMMC memory is the built-in memory on your BeagleBone Black. The amount you have depends on your BeagleBone Black’s revisions (Rev): o BeagleBone Black Rev A and B: 2GB of eMMC memory o BeagleBone Black Rev C: 4GB of eMMC memory · Micro HDMI: This port is used to connect your BeagleBone Black to a computer display or a television set. · Serial header: The BeagleBone Black has a separate header for one of its serial ports, enabling you to easily connect a USB-to-TTL serial cable (read Chapter 3 for more on this topic). · Power button: If you press the power button, the board shuts down after a few seconds. You can turn it ON once more by pressing the power button again. You can also do a full power cycle by pressing the board for about 10 seconds; the board turns OFF and then comes back ON. You should avoid this, though, as it may corrupt the eMMC or SD card. Use it only if your board is not responding to your commands. · User boot button: By default, your BeagleBone Black boots from onboard memory with the operating system (OS) installed there. By holding down this button when you power the board, you indicate that you want it to boot from the microSD card. You also use this button to install an operating system on the eMMC. ·

· ·

Choosing an Operating System There are a few operating systems you can choose to use on your BeagleBone Black. Angstrom, Ubuntu, and Debian all appear to have stable images. Angstrom is the default operating system, and usually the best choice. Angstrom Angstrom is the default Linux distribution that is pre-installed on the eMMC on the BeagleBone Black. It's a stripped down version of Linux specifically designed for embedded devices.Depending on how long ago you purchased your BeagleBone Black, you may not have the latest version of Angstrom installed. It's usually preferable to get the latest version, especially this early in the product's lifecycle Languages supported Beaglebone black supports various high level languages such as a C, C++ and scripting languages like java, python. Programming of application is mostly written in C language for controller or processor. Python is an interpreted language and great library source available for BBB. At low level, programming in python is efficient and responds quicker than C language. International Institute of Information Technology, Pune

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Product Comparison Table PocketBeagle

Processor

BeagleBone Black BeagleBone Blue BeagleBoard-X15 AM5728 AM3358 AM3358 AM3358 2x ARM CortexARM Cortex-A8 ARM Cortex-A8 ARM Cortex-A8 A15

Maximum Processor 1GHz Speed

1GHz

2x200-MHz 2x200-MHz PRUs, PRUs, ARM CoARM Cortex-M3, processors Cortex-M3, SGX SGX PowerVR PowerVR Analog Pins

8 (3.3V), 6 (1.8V)

7 (1.8V)

1GHz

1.5GHz

4x200-MHz 2x200-MHz PRUs, 2x ARM PRUs, ARM Cortex-M4, 2x Cortex-M3, SGX SGX PowerVR, PowerVR 2x HD video 4 (1.8V)

TBD

65 (3.3V) 512MB DDR3 512MB DDR3 (800MHz x 16), (800MHz x 16), 4GB on-board storage using microSD card eMMC, microSD slot card slot

24 (3.3V) 512MB DDR3 (800MHz x 16), 4GB on-board storage using eMMC, microSD card slot

TBD

USB

USB 2.0 USB 2.0 Host/Client Port, Host/Client Port, USB 2.0 on USB 2.0 Host Port expansion header

Network

add-ons

USB 2.0 Host/Client Port, USB 2.0 Host Port WiFi, Bluetooth, BLE

Video

SPI displays

Audio

add-ons

Digital Pins 44 (3.3V)

Memory

Supported TBD Interfaces

MSRP

$25

10/100 Ethernet

microHDMI, cape SPI displays add-ons microHDMI, cape add-ons, add-ons Bluetooth 4x UART, 8x PWM, LCD, GPMC, MMC1, 2x TBD SPI, 2x I2C, A/D Converter, 2xCAN Bus, 4 Timers $49 $79

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2GB DDR, 4GB on-board storage using eMMC, microSD card slot SS USB 3.0 Host, HS USB 2.0 OTG Port (TBD) 2x 10/100/1000 Ethernet HDMI, TBD 3.5mm stereo jack

TBD

$249

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What is a Microcontroller Computer on a single integrated chip – Proce...