Isahluko 2 - Lecture notes 2 PDF

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ISAHLUKO 2

Izingcezu zenkulumo (Parts of Speech) Usobizo 1. Usobizo = igama elisebenza ngengomenzi noma umenziwa emshweni. #Ibizo #Isabizwana

Ibizo Ibizo: igama lento esinokuyibona nesingenakuyibona ngamehlo Izinhlobo zamabizo Ibizonto: isonto ,uhambo Ibizoqoqa: umhlambi Ibizomuntu: umthengi,imbongi Ibozomvama:umuntu Umfakela: itafula Ibizongxube: uzifozonke Isabizwana Siyini isabizwana: igama esilisebenzisa esikhundleni sebizo sabizwana - sokubala

(zonke, bonke, ngedwa, sonke etc.)

- sokukhomba (lo, loya, loyaya) - soqobo

(yena, bona, zona, thina)

-Isabizwana sokuchasisa(omkhulu, omhlophe, ompofu)

2. Isichasiso Isiphawulo, Isibaluli, ongumnini, Inani

Isiphawulo

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Sichaza Ukuthi into ibonakala injani uma uyibheka ngamehlo. Adjectives isib. -ncane, -khulu, -fushane, -de, -ningi, -hle, -mbi, dala, sha,etc

Isibaluli Sichaza ukuthi into injani: (usually colours) isib. elimhlophe, elimnyama, elimnandi, ezimbalwa Qotho,duma,mnandi, mtoti, ngcono

Ongumnini Lisitshela ngokuthi into ingekabani/yakhiwe ngani/ isetshenziselwani noma kuphi/ Ukhomba umnikazi wento Wami,zami,sami,likababa,likamama

Inani Inani : (-ni, -nye, -phi, -mbe) isib. Muntu muni ofike la? Munye umuntu okhulume nami.

3.Isilandliso Isenzo Silandisa sisebenzisa nezimpambosi.

nezakhi,

sikhomba

inkathi,

izindlela

zesenzo

UKhabazela uhlaba izinkukhu ezimbili Isenzo

(verb) :

lisitshela ngokwenziwa isib. Umama uthethise umfowethu.

Isibanjalo Ucezu lwenkulumo olulandisayo 2

usobizo

Isibanjalo : lisitshela ngobunjalo bento. Kusetshenziswa iziqalo: yi-, wu-, ngisib. Ubaba yibhubesi. UHlobisile ngumhloli ophume phambili kunina nonke.

4. Isikhanyiso Isenzukuthi Sisitshela ngamafuphi ngendlela into eyenzeke ngayo Uwe wathi dinsi/mpakla phansi Isandiso Sisitshela kabanzi ngokwenzekile ukuthi kwenzeke kuphi, nini, kanjani. Izinhlobo zesandiso Isandiso sendawo: kuphi EMadwaleni Isandiso sesikhathi : nini Emini Isandiso sesimo: kanjani Ubhala kahle

5. Isibabazo Kungaba ukubabaza okuveza: - Injabulo (Halala! Ngcingci!) - Ukunengwa/Ukudinwa (Nxa!) - Ukunxesezela (Nxese! Phephisa!) - Ezokulwa (Ashila! Maluju!) -Ezokwenqaba (Cha! Chabo! Chabobo! Qhabo!) Sikhuza imihlola, sibabaza okwenzekile Ewu!! Maye!!,ha ha ha!!!

6. Isihlanganiso (conjunction) = Sihlanganisa imisho emibili 3

isib. Geza izitsha anduba uyolala. Qoqa izimpahla bese ukhipha izibi.

IZIMO ZOKUKHULUMA Lapha sithola izaga, izisho Kanye nezifengqo. Izaga ziyinkulumo ewumqondo ophelele, azidinge kusekelwa ngamagama, ukuze zikhiphe umqondo ophelele, kaziguquki nenkathi kanti futhi kaziyi ebunyeni nasebuningini isibonelo: inyathi iyaweya umuthi sichaza ukuthi umfokazana weya abantu abangaphezu kwakhe. Izisho zona ziyinkulumo edinga ukusekwa ngamagama ukuze kube yinkulumo enomqondo ophelele, okunye ngezisho ziguquka ngenkathi, ziba sebunyeni nasebuningini, isibonelo sesisho ukubangwa nezibi sichaza ukugulela ukufa. Kanti izifengqo zona ziwukudlalisela ngenkulumo othi uma uyilalela ingachazi lokho ekushoyo, kodwa ibe isho okunye, isibonelo: lo mfana uyisihlakaniphi umbhinqo kulesi sifengqo umfana usuke engahlakaniphile, kodwa kusetshenziswa amagama asho into ephambene nento oyishoyo kulesi sifengqo. 1,Izifengqo Amagama akhetheke kahle, achaza into ngendlela enembayo, bese iyagqama kwakheke isithombe. UMsimang (1988) benoChandralekha (2009) uma bechaza ngezifengqo babuye bathi zingukusetshenziswa kwamagama ngendlela eyehlukile kwejwayelekile, lowo okhulumayo noma obhalayo usuke egcizelela enokugqamisa umqondo othile njengesifengqo esithi, “Ngifice inyoka isigcwele indlu”, le nkulumo iyihaba. Ngamanye amazwi kugqanyiswa ukuba khona kwenyoka endlini. Okhulumayo ufuna abamlalele bagqanyelwe isithombe senyoka ebisendlini. 1 isifaniso(simile) Siqhathanisa izinto ezimbili ezingafani kodwa ezinokuthile kuzo okuthi akufane.

Isakhi,sokufanisa nganga,njenga,njengo,saku,okwe,fana,kuhle,fuze,okwa 2. Isingathekiso(metaphor) Naso siyafanisa kodwa sona sibiza into ngalento efaniswa nayo. Isb:uMalume yibhubesi uqobo. Isingathekiso siwukufanisa into nenye okunqanyuleliwe. Izinto ezimbili ezisuke zifaniswa ezingafani nhlobo. Sisebenza ngokufana nesifaniso kodwa sona asizisebenzisi izakhi zesifaniso ezingo-okwe, -fana na, njenga. Ezithakazelweni eziningi azisali 4

izingathekiso. Ukuqhathanisa kuhlezi kukhona okucashile. Isingathekiso kwesinye isikhathi siyacasha bese kungabi lula ukusibona njengesifaniso okungabi nzima ngenxa yezakhi zaso UZama yindoni yamanzi.

3. Ukwenza samuntu( personification) Uthatha into engaphili uyinikeze izimpawu zomuntu noma zento ephilayo. Isenzamuntu siwuhlobo lwesifengqo lapho amandla ezinto eziphilayo enikezwa lezo zinto ezingaphili, zenziwe zikhulume, zizwe, zigijime njalonjalo. Kwakhala imihosha yaseNanda 4. Ukwenza sasilwane Uthatha izimpawu zesilwane uzinikeze umuntu Uthatha into engaphili yenze izinto ezenziwa isilwane. Lapha kuthathwa umuntu afaniswe nesilwane ngenxa yobunjalo bakhe noma izenzo ezithile azenzayo. Isb: amadoda izinja 5. Ukuhlonipha Kusetshenziswa igama lokuhlonipha ukubalekela ukusebenzisa ingama elihlambalazayo noma eliyinhlamba Ubaba ukhothe/udle kakhulu namhlanje

6. Ihaba Indlela yokuchaza ubunjalo bento ngokuyandisa noma ukuyinciphisa ngokweqile Ngifice inyoka igcwele indlu UMshayeli wale tekisi akagijimi uyandiza Wakhaya kushone unina izinyembezi kwakuyimpophoma. Uthando lwami kuye lungangezintaba

2. Izaga nezisho Izimo zokukhuluma okuyizaga, izisho nezifengqo zivamisile ukuvela enkulumeni yansuku zonke, lapho kukhulunywa. Nakuba zivamile ukuvela, 5

zigqama kakhulu engxoxweni yabantu abakhuluma isiZulu esiphusile. UMagwaza (2004) ubeka uthi ngokwejwayelekile abantu bakwaZulu bazithatha njengesikhali sokugcina okuyimvelaphi yabo nokungamagugu namasiko, kubuye kube yindlela yokuthuthukisa ulimi Kuvela nokuthi iningi labantu lisebenzisa izimo zokukhuluma ngokunganaki ukuthi liyazifaka lapho likhuluma. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni zasemakhaya asenenhlanhla yokwandelwa ngabantu abakhuluma isiZulu esihle. Imvelaphi yezimo zokukhuluma igxile ekubukeni ngeso elibukhali nangokukhalipha ukwenzeka kwezinto ezinhlobonhlobo ezizungeze impilo yesintu, maqede kwakhiwe amazwi ahlakaniphile, akhomba ubuhle, ukuncoma, ukukhuthaza, ubungozi, ubuwula, nokunye, okuthinta, izenzeko, ezithile. La mazwi ayegcina esemukeleka abe yindlela okwakukhulunywa ngayo. Leyo ndlela-ke yakhula yanda yasabalala kwaba yindlela ejwayelekile neyamukelekile emphakathini. Yehlukaniswa izigatshana ezithi zahlukene zibe zihlobene, okuyizaga, izisho, nezifengqo. Izimo zokukhuluma zehlukene izigaba eziningana lapho zisetshenziswa khona. Kukhona eziphathelene nobuntu, indlela ophatha ngayo omunye umuntu kungaba usizo oluvezile noma inhlonipho oyivezile kumuntu thizeni. Izaga: indlela yokusho into eshaya ngamafuphi, ngobunono, iveze iqiniso nobuhlakani mayelana nento ethize. Zisekelwa ezehlakalweni zemihla ngemihla. Isigameko ekhuluma ngaso sivele sibe sobala okwezinqe zesele. Siyini isaga? Isaga yinkulumo eqoqiwe esuselwe eqinisweni yento eyake yenzeka empilweni. Yenzelwa ukunonga ulimi ukuthi luthandake. Kwakuthi ngesikhathi sakudala lapho abantu abadala bebona into yenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe bayiqhathanise nempilo. Ngokwesibonelo ake sithi ulambile ubone ikhiwane lilihle uzitshele ukuthi uzolidla, ulole amazinyo, kuthi lapho ulivula uhlangane nezibungu. Yingakho abantu abadala baqhamuka nesaga esithi “Ikhiwane elihle ligcwala izibungu” ngoba ngeke ubona umuntu emuhle ucabange ukuthi nenhliziyo yakhe yinhle. Lesi saga esingenhla sigcizelela amaqiniso obuqiniso besaga. Noma kunjalo akusho ukuthi zonke izaga ziveza amaqiniso empilo. Ake sithathe lesi saga esilandelayo “umfundisi akamzali umfundisi” angeke sisho ukuthi iqiniso elingeke liphikwe, ngoba kuyenzeka ukuthi umfundisi azale omunye umfundisi. Sinazo izibonelo eziningi zabafundisi abazale abanye abafundisi. Isaga sihluke kunesisho ngoba imisho yesaga iphelele, awuguquki, futhi awudingi ukulandelwa noma ukulandela isakhi noma ezinye izincezu zenkulumo (Makhambeni, 1986). Uma sithi umusho wesaga awuguquki sikhuluma ngesikhathi. Engeke uma sithi isaga sithi “siyoyicela ivuthiwe”, bese sishintshashintsha sithi “sasiyoyicela ivuthiwe” noma “siyicela ivuthiwe” kumele sihlale enkathini-ngxoxo (Makhoba, 2014). Izibonelo:

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Isaga esithi “Umendo ngumkhumulansika”. Lesi saga siqondiswe kowesifazane oyiliqhalaqhala ukuthi uma efika emendweni uyavoveka. Lokhu okuchaza ukuthi uma uyintombazane kumele kube yinto okhula uyazi ukuthi uma uya emendweni uyobhekana nobunzima, ukuze ungamangali akube yinto eyisaga eyaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu ukuthi uma ukhetha umendo, ukhetha isimo esingaba nobunzima. Isibonelo esinye sithi: “Ihlonipha lapho ingayukwendela khona”. Lesi saga sichaza ukuthi intombazane ifanele ukuhlonipha wonke umuntu ngoba kayazi lapho 2 iyophelela khona. Imvelaphi yaso ivela ekuthini abantu babona kwenzeka endaweni intombazane ingahloniphi umphakathi, uthole ukuthi ekugcineni izogana komunye wemizi lapho ebikade ingabahloniphi khona.

Izimo zokukhuluma zenza ukuthi umuntu aqwashe, zifundisa indlela yokuphila, njengakulesi saga esithi “Indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili,” okuchaza ukuthi kufanele ubuze kwabadala ongakwazi, ngoba bona sebadlula kuleso sigaba, bazi kabanzi ngaso. Uma ungakwenzi lokho bese kuba khona isaga, esithi “Isalakutshelwa sibona ngomopho,” Okuchaza ukuthi uma ungalaleli uzongena engozini, ulimale wophe. isibonelo inkonyane ikhethwa kusakhanya lesi saga esichaza ukuthi yenza izinto ngesikhathi esifanele. 3. IZISHO izisho zingamagama noma imishwana engeniswa lapho kukhulunywa ukunothisa nokunonga ulimi, ubuye athi izisho imvamisa aziyiphelelisi inkulumo ngoba azimuniki lowo olalele umqondo ophelele noma nje inkulumo eqondwe okhulumayo uma zizimele zodwa, ngakho-ke isisho sidinga ukusetshenziswa emshweni ukuze siphelelise umqondo. Uma isisho sisetshenziswa emshweni kumele sihambisane nokuthile sibe nesakhi esithile ukuze sinikeze umqondo ophelele, nomusho ozwakalayo. UMsimang (1988) uthi isisho singubugagu bokwethula inkulumo ngendlela egigiyelayo kusetshenziswa izifengqo. Isibonelo: Uyoze ulutheze olunenkume lesi isisho kasiqondene nokhuni kodwa siqondene nenkinga oyogcina uzifake kuyo. Inkume phela yisilwanyana esihlala ezinkunini ikakhulukazi uma ulokhu utheza, lesi sisho sichaza ukuzigaxa ezinkingeni ngenxa yokungalaleli, uyoze uthole ukhuni olunalesi silwanyana, okusho ukuthi uyoze ungene engxakini uma ungalaleli. Izisho: indlela yokusho into ethize ngokuthi usebenzise amagama ngendlela engajwayelekile yemihla ngemihla. Eg: ukudliwa zintaba Isisho umusho ogigiyelayo isuselwa ehabeni (Makhoba, 2014). Ilapho umkhulumi esebenzisa khona izifengqo ukunonga noma ukugcizelela lokho afuna ukukusho. Sithe umusho ogigiyelayo ngoba lowo olalele 7

imshiya edidekile uma umusho ungaqedelwanga. Asikusho kucace ukuthi izisho ziyingxenye yomusho, aziyona umusho ophelele. Yingakho uma ungaqedalwanga lowo musho sithola umlaleli edidekile. Nakuba kunjalo, siyasithola isisho esijwayelekile, uma umuntu esisho sikwazi ukuthi lowo muntu ukhuluma ngani. Ake sithathe njengesibonelo uma umuntu ethi “ngiphethwe yisisu” siyazi ukuthi isisu asikwazi ukuphatha umuntu, lomusho unehaba, kodwa ngoba sesijwayele inkulumo yokuphathwa kwesisu, asiyinaki leyo-nkulumo yehaba. Kodwa-ke njengoba sishilo ngenhla, isisho asiqondakali kahle uma umuntu okhulumayo engaqedanga lowo musho. Njengesibonelo, uma umuntu ethi “ukhombile” okusho “ukukhomba” angeke wazi ukuthi umuntu ukhuluma ngani, ngaphandle kokuba umuntu athi “ingane yakwaNene ikhombe insizwa yakwaNgwenya”, emva kwalokho ungakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi Ingane yakwaNene iqome insizwa yakwaNgwenya. UMakhambeni (1986) uveza iphuzu elibalulekile lokuthi, isisho siyaguquka sishintshe isimo. Sisithola sisenkathini ehlukile, inkathi yakudala, eyamanje, ezayo noma kuba yinkathi eqondwe yilowo okhulumayo. Umsebenzi wesisho, ukuhlonipha ulimi enkulumeni, ukwexwayisa ngesenzo esithile esibafaka enkingeni, ukufundisa abantu ngento ethile nokugcina amasiko. Izibonelo: “Amathe nolimi”. Lokhu kokubili, amathe nolimi yizinto ezimbili ezihambelanayo ezingehlukani, ulimi isitho somzimba esihlala endaweni eyodwa namathe, okungumlomo. Ngakho-ke abantu bakubukisisa lokhu base sebeqamba isisho. Isisho esithi “Ukwakha umkhanya” sichaza ukubukela Isisho esithi “sisho esithi ukuba nesandla esilula”. Ukushesha ushaye. Isisho esith “ukuba limi mbili” okuchaza ukuthi unamanga

Izaga Ziwumusho ophelele Aziguquki nenkathi Ziyakwazi ukuzimela Zibeka inkulumo obala Ukubhalwa kwazo kuqoqekile

izisho zingamabinzana ziyaguquguquka Azikwazi ukuzimela ziyagigiyela Siqala ngesakhi uku- eg ukuvuka inja ebomvu

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