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J AGI RDARISYSTEM Wr i t eanot eont heJ a gi r da r is ys t e m unde r Akba r .

Oneoft hemos tpopul ars ys t e msofr e ve nuea s s i gnme nt s pr e va l e ntunde rt heDe l hiSul t a na t ewa st heI qt a da r i s ys t e ma ndt hehol de rofi qt awa sc a l l e di qt a da r . The s ys t e m wa sde ve l ope dt oa ppr opr i a t et hes ur pl usf r om t he pe as a nt r yanddi s t r i but ei ta mongt henobl e s . TheMughal e mpe r or s ,t oo,di dt hes ame . The s ea s s i gnme nt swe r e gi ve ni nl i e uofc a s hs al a r i e s .Thea r e asa s s i gne dwe r e ge ne r al l yc a l l e dj a gi r ,a ndi t shol de rasj a gi r da r . The di ffe r e nc ebe t we e nt he s e st wos ys t e mswa st ha tunde r j a gi r da r is ys t e m,i twa snotl a ndt ha twasas s i gne d, butt he i nc omef r om t hel andwa sgi ve nt ot hej a gi r da r s . Thi s s ys t e m de ve l ope dove rape r i odoft i mea ndunde r we nt manyc hange sbe f or es t a bi l i s i ng.Howe ve r , t hebas i c f r ame wor kwasde ve l ope ddur i ngAkbar ' sr e i gn.

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Akbarwa nt e dt oi nt r oduc et hej a gi r da r is ys t e ms oast o r e c r ui tt hebe s toffic e r si nMughala dmi ni s t r a t i on. He want e dt or e duc et hebur de nofl andr e ve nuec ol l e c t i on pr oc e s sont hes t a t e . Hewant e dt oi mpos el a w andor de r i nr e mot ear e as .

Thet e r m‘ j a gi r ’i sac ombi na t i onoft wowor ds–‘ j a ’me a nt ‘ t r ac tofl a nd’whi l e‘ gi r ’me a nt‘ a s s i gne d’ .J a gi rl i t e r a l l y me anshol di ngal andwi t houta nypr opr i e t yr i ght sove ri t whi c hdi ffe r e nt i a t e dt hej a gi r da r is ys t e m ofMugha l Empi r ef r om t hef e uda ls ys t e m ofEur ope .Thef ounda t i on ofj a gi r dar is ys t e m wa sl a i dbyAkba r ;a l t houghi n r udi me nt ar yf or mi twa se vol ve dbyShe rShahSur i .

Ac c or di ngt oAt ha rAl i , j a gi rwasar e ve nueas s i gnme nt buti nr e al i t yi twa smadea ga i ns tma ns abr a nkoft he mans abda r s .

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Ac c or di ngt oI r f a nHa bi b ,j a gi rwa sl andr e ve nue a s s i gnme nti nl i e uofc a s hs al a r i e sac c or di ngt ot her a nkof j a gi r da randhi smans a b.

Dur i ngAkba r ’ spe r i od, a l lt het e r r i t or ywasbr oadl y di vi de di nt ot wo– 1 .Khal i s a–t her e ve nuef r om t hekha l i s awe ntt ot he i mpe r i a lt r e as ur y 2 .J a gi r–t her e ve nuef r om j a gi rwa sas s i gne dt o j a gi r da r si nl i e uofc a s hs a l a r yac c or di ngt ot he i rr a nk.

The r ewe r ege ne r a l l yf ourt ype sofr e ve nueas s i gnme nt s : 1 .Ta nkhwahj a gi r s , whi c hwe r egi ve ni nl i e uofc as h s a l ar y .The s ej a gi r swe r et r a ns f e r abl ee ve r yt hr e eor f ourye a r s 2 .Ma s hr utJ a gi r s ,whi c hwe r egi ve nt oape r s onon c e r t a i nc ondi t i onsa ndr e s ume da f t e rf ul fil me ntof c ondi t i onsofal l ot me nt .

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3 .I n’ a mj a gi r s ,whi c hi nvol ve dnoobl i ga t i onofs e r vi c e a ndwe r ei nde pe nde ntofr a nk. 4 .Wa t a nj a gi r s ,whi c hwe r eas s i gne dt oz ami ndar s ( c hi e f t a i ns )i nt he i rhome l ands . The yr e mai ne d he r e di t a r ya ndnont r ans f e r a bl e . Thi st ypeofj a gi r wase ffe c t i vea dmi ni s t r a t i vema c hi ne r yi nt r oduc e dby Akbart oac c ommoda t el oc a lz a mi ndar si nt he Mugha lol i ga r c hy .

Whe naz a mi nda rorat r i but a r yc hi e fwa sma dea mans abda r , hewa sgi ve nj a gi rt a nkha , apar tf r om hi s wa t a nj a gi r , a ta not he rpl a c ei ft hes al a r yofhi sr ankwa s mor et ha nt hei nc omehe l dhi swa t a nj a gi r .

Ac c or di ngt oAbuFaz l , Akba ri ni t i a t e dar e gul a rs ys t e m of t r a ns f e r sa s‘ t r ans pl ant a t i oni sal wa ysgoodf ort hel i f eof t hepl a nt ’ . Si nc e , onana ve r a ge ,aj a gi rwast r ans f e r r e d a f t e re ve r yt hr e eye a r s .I ts ui t e dt heMugha lEmpi r e t h e s pe c i al l yf r om 17 c e nt ur yonwa r dsf ort hes moot h

f unc t i oni ngoft hej a gi r da r is ys t e m.I ta l s ohe l pe di n mai nt a i ni ngc ohe s i onwi t hi nt henobi l i t y . I ta l s oc onfir me d

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t hehol doft hec r ownove rt her i s i nga mbi t i onsoft he nobi l i t y .

Thej a gi r da rwa sa l l o we dt oc ol l e c tonl ya ut hor i s e d r e ve nue( ma lwa j i b)i nac c or da nc ewi t ht heI mpe r i a l r e gul a t i ons . Hee mpl oye dhi sownoffic i a l s( ka r kun)l i ke a mi l( ar na l guza r ) , f ot adar( t r e as ur e r ) , e t c . whoa c t e don hi sbe ha l f .

TheI mpe r i a loffic i a l ske ptwa t c hont hej a gi r da r s . The di wa noft hes ubawass uppos e dt opr e ve ntt heoppr e s s i on t h ont hepe a s a nt sbyt hej a gi r dar s . Fr om t he2 0 ye arof

Akbar ,a mi nwa spos t e di ne a c hpr ovi nc et os e et ha tt he j a gi r da r swe r ef ol l owi ngI mpe r i alr e gul a t i onsr e ga r di ng c ol l e c t i onofr e ve nue .Thef a uj da rof t e nhe l pe dt hej a gi r da r t oc ol l e c tr e ve nuewhe ne ve rdi ffic ul t i e sar os e .

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Pr obl ems

Thej a gi r da r is ys t e ma l s oc r e a t e dpr obl e msi nt heMugha l Empi r e . 1 .The r ewa snopar i t ybe t we e nj a maa ndha s i l . The r e f or e ,t heobl i ga t i ononj a gi r darwa sgr e a t e rt ha n hi sr e t ur ns . 2 .Ex c e ptf orBe nga la ndOr i s s a , j a maofKha r i fandRa bi har ve s t swe r ea tpar .Thi ske ptt hej a gi r da ri nl os s ,i f t he ywe r ei na r e aswhe r eRa bic ul t i va t i onwast a ki ng pl ac ea st hepr i c e swe r el e s st ha nKha r i f . 3 .Tr a ns f e ror de rwoul dc omet oane ndofe ve r ymont h c r e a t i ngpr obl e msbe t we e nout goi ngandi nc omi ng j a gi r da r sa l ongwi t hs t r i c tc ompl i a nc eofa r r e a r s– ba qa yabyt heMugha ls t a t e . Tr a ns f e ror de r sc r e a t e d pr obl e msf ort hej a gi r da r sl e a di ngt or i va l r ya nd c onfli c t s .

Ac c or di ngt oI r f a nHa bi b ,bot ht heMugha le mpe r orand j a gi r da r swe r er e s pons i bl ef ore x c e s s i vee xpl oi t a t i onof

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pe as a nt r y . Thet r ans f e rs ys t e m,a c c or di ngt ohi m, me a nt t ha tj a gi r da r st ooknoi nt e r e s ti ni mpr ovi ngme t hodsof c ul t i va t i on, me a nsofi r r i ga t i on, a ndqua l i t yofc r opsor i mpr ovi ngt hec ondi t i onsofMughalpe as a nt r y .

Fr om 1 57 5–1 5 85 ,Akbarbr oughta l lt hej a gi r sunde r Khal i s aandt he nr e a s s i gne dt he m. Hei nt r oduc e dt wo t ype sofj a gi r : 1 .J a gi rHas i l aka mi l ,whe r emaxi mum l a ndr e ve nue wasc ol l e c t e d. 2 .J a gi rz ort a l ab , whe r ei twa sdi ffic ul tt oc ol l e c tl and r e ve nueduet owa ra ndot he ri nt e r na lpr obl e ms .

Dur i ngAkba r ’ sr e i gn,de s pi t ea l lt hene c e s s ar yc ha nge s i nt r oduc e d,i fs t i l lga psr e ma i ne dbe t we e nr ank,s a l a r y a ndac t ua lc ol l e c t e dr e ve nuet ha nt hej a gi r da rha dt he r i ghtt oc ol l e c tde btf r om t hei mpe r i a lt r e as ur y( t a l a b) .I f t her e ve nuewa smor et hant hes t a t ec l a i m,t ha ne xt r a r e ve nuewoul dgot oanot he ri mpe r i a lt r e as ur y( mut al ba has i l ) .

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Benefit s J a gi r dar is ys t e mi nt heMugha lEmpi r edur i ngAkba r ’ s r e i gnha df e w be ne fit s . 1 .Akbarc oul ds e pa r a t epol i t i c a la nda dmi ni s t r a t i ve r e s pons i bi l i t yf r om r i ghtoft a xc ol l e c t i on. 2 .Si nc eonl ys omema ns abda r sr e c e i ve dj a gi r , t he r e f or e , t he ywe r eas s i gne donl yt her i ghtt oc ol l e c tt ax e s a s s e s s e dont ha ts t i pul a t e da r e a . 3 .J a gi rc oul dc ons i s tofs i ngl epor t i oni navi l l a ge , s e ve r a lvi l l a geore nt i r epa r ganas . 4 .Re s pons i bi l i t yofas s i gni ngj a gi rwa st ha tofDi wa n-i –Ta n( mi ni s t e rofs a l ar i e s ) . Hema t c he dt ax e swi t h s pe c i fie ds a l ar i e sa ndal l owa nc e sofmans a bda r sand t he ni s s ue doffic i alj a gi rdoc ume nt . The r e f or e , j a gi r da rha donl yfis c a lr i ght sove rt hea s s i gne dj a gi r .

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Admi ni s t r a t i on Thea dmi ni s t r a t i onofj a gi rwa sc a r r i e doutont hepa t t e r n ofc r ownl a nds . Thej a gi r da r sha dt oe mpl oyt he i rown a ge nt sf orc ol l e c t i onofl andr e ve nuea ndt hec ol l e c t i on pr oc e s swa smode l l e dont ha toft heKhal i s a .

Ani mpor t antf e a t ur eoft hej a gi r dar is ys t e m wass hi f t i ng ofj a gi r hol de r sf r om onej a gi rt oa not he rf or a dmi ni s t r a t i ver e as ons . Thi ss ys t e m oft r a ns f e r sc he c ke d t hej a gi r dar sf r om de ve l opi ngl oc alr oot s .Att hes a me t i me , i t sdi s a dvant a gewa st ha ti tdi s c our a ge dt hej a gi r da r s f r om t aki ngl ongt e r m me as ur e sf ort hede ve l opme ntof t he i ra r e as .The ywe r eme r e l yi nt e r e s t e di ne xt r ac t i ngas muc hr e ve nuea spos s i bl ei nas hor tt i me .

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Conc l us i on Thej a gi r da r is ys t e ma sani ns t i t ut i onwa sus e dt o a ppr opr i a t et hes ur pl usf r om t hepe a s a nt r y .Att hes a me t i me , i twa sus e df ordi s t r i but i ngt her e ve nuer e s our c e s a mongt her ul i ngc l as s e s . Oft hef ourt ype sofj a gi r sgi ve n t oa s s i gne e s , t hewa t anj a gi rwa save r ye ffe c t i vewa yof a bs or bi ngI ndi anc hi e f t a i nsi nt heMugha lr ul i ngc l as s .

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