K201 Lecture Exam Study Guide PDF

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K201%Lecture%Exam%Study%Guide% 1. Each'information'system'is'comprised'of'five'components.'List'them'in'the'order'from' left'to'right'in'the'5-Component'model.' • Hardware% • Software% • Data% • Procedures% • People% % 2. True/False:'The'number'of'components'in'the'5-component'model'increases'in' proportion'to'an'information'system’s'complexity'and'size?'% • False% % 3. The'follow'chart'represents'what?' • data%

% 4. True/False:'In'order'for'data'to'be'considered'timely'it'must'be'delivered'on'time.' • False% % 5. True/False:'Good'data'is'always'worth'the'cost,'no'matter'how'expensive.' • False% % 6. What'is'true'about'the'relationship'between'business'processes'and'information' systems?' • A%business%process%need%not%relate%to%any%information%system%but%an%information% system%relates%to%at%least%one%business%process% % 7. What'are'the'steps'in'the'business'process'management'cycle?'' • Model%processes,%create%components,%implement%processes,%assess%results% % 8. ______'is'a'standard'set'of'terms'and'graphical'notations'for'documenting'business' processes.' • Business%Process%Modeling%Notation%' 9. True/False:'The'process'of'assessing'a'project’s'feasibility'occurs'during'the' component'design'phase'of'the'systems'development'life'cycle.' • False%

10. A'______'involves'balancing'3'critical'factors:'requirements,'cost,'and'time.% • Tradeoff% 11. True/false:'a'data'is'simply'a'group'of'tables'or'files.' • False:%a%data%base%is%not%just%a%group%of%tables,%it%also%includes%relationships%among%the% rows%in%those%tables%and%metadata% 12. Keeping'track'of'data'involving'multiple'themes'such'as'employees,'transactions,' customers,'supplies,'etc.'should'be'done'with'which'of'the'following?' • A%relational%database% 13. How'many'primary'functions'does'a'database'management'system'have?' • 3' 14. Which'of'the'following'is'an'international'standard'language'for'processing'a' database?' • SQL% 15. True/False:'The'lost'update'problem'can'be'resolved'by'implementing'multi-user' database'processing.' • False:%the%lost%update%problem%is%actually%caused%by%multiuser%database%processing.% Some%type%of%locking%must%be%used%to%coordinate%activities%among%the%multiple%users.% 16. A'_________'makes'databases'more'useful'for'obtaining'information.' • Database%application%% 17. 'Which'type'of'relationship'is'this?'

' many-to-many% 18. True/False:'A'table'containing'normalized'data'should'have'3'or'fewer'themes.' • False:%a%normalized%table%should%contain%data%with%one%and%only%one%theme.% 19. True/False:'N:M'relationships'should'be'represented'in'a'data'model'the'same'way'a' 1:N'relationship'is'represented.' • false% 20. Which'of'the'following'should'be'responsible'for'signing'off'on'the'data'model'before' a'database'is'developed?' • End%users% 21. According'to'Porter’s'5'forces'model,'in'which'of'the'following'situations'would'the' suppliers'have'the'highest'bargaining'power?% • A%single%vendor%providing%raw%materials%to%many%department%stores% 22. According'to'Porter’s'5'forces'model,'which'of'the'following'firms'would'be'least' affected'by'the'threat'of'substitutes?% • A%firm%that%sells%the%only%drug%that%cures%a%disease%

% 23. Which'of'the'following'factors'determines'the'structure,'features,'and'functions'of'an' information'system'used'in'a'company?% • The%competitive%strategy% % 24. A'mining'company'develops'a'new'processing'technique'using'only'light'and'patents' the'process.'The'situation'is'characterized'by'______.% • Low%bargaining%power%of%suppliers% % 25. The'automobile'industry'is'characterized'by'many'manufacturers'and'intense' competition'among'them.'According'to'porters'5'forces'model,'this'statement' illustrates________.% • High%levels%of%rivalry% % 26. Focused'differentiation'occurs'when'_______.% • A%better%product%is%provided%within%an%industry%segment% % 27. An'automobile'company'decides'to'improve'the'quality'of'its'products'and'bring'more' variety'into'its'entire'product'line.'The'company'has'decided'to'adopt'______.% • Industry-wide%differentiation% % 28. Focused'differentiation'occurs'when'_______.% • Better%service%is%provided%within%an%industry%segment% % 29. Focused'cost'leadership'is'observed'when'a'product'has'the'lowest'cost'_____.% • Within%an%industry%segment%% % 30. True/False:'An'organization'responds'to'the'structure'of'its'industry'by'choosing'a' competitive'strategy.% • True% % 31. True/False:'A'business'that'selects'a'different'strategy'would'invariably'structure'itself' around'low-cost'activities.' • False% % 32. True/False:'A'business'with'a'differentiation'strategy'will'add'cost'to'an'activity'only' as'long'as'the'activity'has'a'positive'margin.'' • True% % 33. The'difference'between'the'value'that'an'activity'generates'and'the'cost'of'the' activity'is'called'________.' • Margin% %

34. Identify'the'activity'in'the'value'chain'that'involves'receiving'and'handling'of'raw' materials'and'other'inputs'to'the'product.' • Inbound%logistics% % 35. Which'of'the'following'value'chain'activities'involves'collecting,'storing,'and'physically' distributing'the'product'to'buyers?' • Outbound%logistics% % 36. A'service'company'checks'the'availability'of'resources'before'planning'its'projects,' this'activity'can'be'classified'under______.' • Linkage% % 37. Locking'in'customers'by'making'it'difficult'or'expensive'for'customers'to'move'to' another'product'is'called'establishing'high'______.' • Switching%costs% % 38. An'organization'implements'an'information'system'to'optimize'its'supply'chain,'the' system'helps'the'organization'to'reduce'wastes,'in'this'scenario'implementing'the' information'system'has'helped'the'organization'to'gain'a'competitive'advantage'by' ______.' • Reducing%costs% % 39. Which'of'the'following'hardware'developments'allow'objects'to'connect'to'a'network' and'share'data'with'any'other'application,'service,'or'device?' • Internet%of%things% % 40. A'3D'home'printer'would'create'more'stable'structures,'use'less'material,'and'reduce' work'place'injuries.'' • True% % % % ' % Week%1%Slides% What'is'an'information'system?' • Hardware,%software,%data,%procedures,%people% • Consists%of%5%components,%data%is%at%the%center,%people%is%the%most%important% % What'are'the'characteristics'of'data?' • Accurate%% • Timely%% • Relevant%%

• •

Just%sufficient% Worth%its%cost%

% What'is'Information?' • A%graph%is%data% • Its%data%people%perceive%and%use%to%conceive%information% • Processed%data%information%is…%ability%to%conceive%information%determined%by%cognitive% skills,%people%perceive%different%information%from%the%same%data,%you%add%value%by% conceiving%information%from%data% % Week%2%Slides% Information'Systems'vs.'Applications'vs.'Business'Process' • Every%information%system%has%5%components%and%at%least%one%application% • An%application%is%a%combination%of%hardware,%software,%and%data%components% • A%business%process%consists%of%one%or%more%activities,%a%BP%need%not%relate%to%any% information%system,%but%an%information%system%relates%to%at%least%one%business% process% Four'Stages'of'Business'Process'Management' • BPM%is%a%cyclical%process%for%systematically%creating,%assessing,%and%altering%business% processes% o As-is-model:%model%of%existing%business%processes% o Create'components:%design%changes%to%the%business%process%at%a%depth%sufficient% for%implementation% o Implement'processes' o Continually'assess%business%process%effectiveness% % Properties'of'Business'Processes:' • Roles:%similar%to%job%titles,%these%are%a%collection%of%activities% • Resources:%People%or%computer%applications%assigned%to%roles% • Control%Flow:%directs%order%of%activities% • Data%Flow:%Shows%movement%of%the%data%among%the%activities%and%repositories% % Processes'Need'Management'for'3'reasons:' • Improve%process%effectiveness%or%efficiency% • Adapt%to%technology%changes% • Adapt%to%business%changes% % How'is'Business'process'modeling'notation'(BPMN)'Used'to'model'processes?' • Models%are%a%blueprint%for%understanding%the%current%process% • Decisions%or%gateways%are%BPMN%flow%elements,%which%are%used%to%control%how% sequence%flows%interact%as%they%converge%and%diverge%within%a%process.%Yes/no% questions%% %

5'Phases'in'the'Systems'development'life'cycle'(SDLC)' • System%definition%phase% o Define%system%goals%and%scope% o Asses%feasibility%(cost,%schedule,%technical,%organizational)% o Form%project%team% o Plan%project% • Determining%requirements%% o Requirements%analysis:% § Conduct%user%interviews% § Evaluate%existing%systems% § Consider%all%5%components% § Consider%security% § Etc.% • Designing%system%components% o Component%design:%determine%hardware%specifications,%determine%program% specifications,%design%the%database,%design%procedures,%create%job%definitions% • Implement%system% • Maintain%system% % System'Conversion'Approaches' • avoid%“taking%the%plunge”% • Pilot:%implement%entire%system%in%limited%portion%of%business,%Limits%exposure%to% business%if%system%fails% • Phased:'System%installed%in%phases%or%modules,%each%piece%instated%and%tested% • Parallel:%complete%new%and%old%systems%run%at%the%same%time,%very%safe,%expensive% • Plunge:%high%risk%if%new%system%fails,%only%used%if%new%system%not%vital%to%company% operations% % Primary'Drivers'of'Systems'Development' • Development%involves%inherent%trade-offs%between%time%and%scope,%cost%and%scope,% and%time%and%cost% • Keys%to%success:% o Create%work-breakdown%structure% o Estimate%time%vs%cost% o Adjust%tradeoffs% o Manage%challenges% % Scrum'Process' • Prioritized%requirements%listà%choose%requirements%to%deliverà%stand%upà%do%work%à% deliver%and%reflect%' ' Principles'of'Scrum'Development' • Expect%changes%in%requirements'

• • • • •

Work%closely%with%customer%for%the%duration' Frequently%deliver%working%version%of%the%product' Test%and%design%as%you%go' Team%knows%best%how%its%doing/%how%to%change' Can%be%used%for%business%processes,%information%systems,%and%applications%development%%

% Alternatives'to'SDLC'(SDLC'can'be'fuzzy'and'are'always'changing)' • Rapid%application%development% • Scrum%% % Week%3%Slides% • Cooperation-%a%group%of%people%working%together%essentially%all%doing%the%same%thing,% lacks%feedback%and%an%iteration%loop% • Collaboration-%group%of%people%working%together%to%achieve%a%common%goal%via%a% process%of%feedback%and%iteration%% • Group'think-%a%phenomenon%where%the%desire%for%group%cohesion%leads%to%poor%decision% making%% • Collaborative'teams'accomplish'four'primary'purposes:%Become%informed,%Make% decisions,%Solve%problems,%Manage%projects% % What'are'3'criteria'for'successful'collaboration?' • Successful%outcome%% • Improve%team%capability%over%time% • Meaningful%and%satisfying%experience%% % Examples'of'synchronous'vs'asynchronous' • Synchronous:%shared%whiteboards,%webinars,%video%chatting% • Asynchronous:%email,%discussion%forms,%team%surveys% % Guidelines'for'giving'&'receiving'feedback' • Be%specific% • Offer%suggestions% • Strive%for%balance% • Do%not%dominate% • Etc.% % Week%4%Slides% What'is'the'purpose'of'a'database?' • Organizes%and%keeps%track%of%things%with%multiple%themes% % What’s'the'difference'between'spreadsheets'and'databases?' • Databases%store%data%about%multiple%related%themes%where%spreadsheets%just%store%one% theme%

% What'is'a'database?' • A%self-describing%collection%of%integrated%records% • A%collection%of%related%tables% • Relationships%among%rows% • Metadata% % A'hierarchy'of'data'elements' • Files%or%tables% • Rows%or%records% • Fields%or%columns% • Bytes%or%characters% % What'is'metadata?' • Data%that%describes%data% % A'DBMS'allows'users'to:' • Create%tables,%relationships,%and%other%database%objects% • Process,%read,%insert,%modify,%delete%data%using%SQL% • Administer%accounts,%passwords,%etc% % What'is'a'database'application?' A%collection%of%forms,%reports,%queries,%and%application%programs%with%which%users%interact% % How'are'databases'developed?' (forms%+%reports%+%queries)%–requirements->%(create%data%model)%–data%model->%(create% database%design)%–database%design->%(create%database)% % What'is'an'entity'relationship'data'model?' • Often%referred%to%as%an%ER%diagram% • A%tool%for%constructing%data%models% • Defines%entities%(tables)%and%their%relationships% % How'is'a'data'model'transformed'into'a'database'design?' • Normalizing'data' o Converting%a%poorly%structured%table%into%two%or%more%well-structured%tables% o Eliminate%redundancy% o Prevent%data%integrity%issues% % • Transform'data'model'into'a'database'design' o Represent%each%entity%with%a%table% § Each%identifier%becomes%a%key%field% § Entity%attributes%become%table%columns%

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o Normalize%tables%as%necessary% o Representing%relationships% § Use%foreign%keys%% § Add%additional%tables%for%N:M%relationships% % Week%4%Slides% Organization%strategy%determines%information%systems% o Industry%structureàcompetitive%strategyàvalue%chainsà%business%processesà% information%systems%

% How%does%organizational%strategy%determine%IS%structure?% • Information%systems%exist%to%help%organizations%achieve%their%strategies%% • An%organizations%competitive%strategy%is%what%determines%its%goals%and%objectives% • Therefore,%a%company’s%competitive%strategy%determines%the%structure,%features,%and% functions%of%its%information%systems% % Porters'5'forces:' • Threat%of%new%entrants% • Competitive%rivalry% • Buyer%power% • Threat%of%substitutes% • Supplier%power% % What'affects'bargaining'power?' • Number%of%customers% • Size%of%each%order% • Cost%of%changing% • Differences%between%competitors% % What'affects'supplier'power?' • Number%of%suppliers% • Size%of%suppliers% • Uniqueness%of%service% • Cost%of%changing% % What'affects'threat'of'new'entrants?' • Time%and%cost%of%entry% • Specialist%knowledge% • Economies%of%scale% • Barriers%to%entry%regulations% % What'affects'threat'of'substitutes?' • Availability%of%substitute%

• • •

Substitute%performance% Cost%of%substitute% Switching%costs%

% What'affects'competitive'rivalry?' • Number%of%competitors%% • Quality%differences% • Switching%costs% • Customer%loyalty% % Competitive%strategy%determines%value%chain%structure% % What'is'a'value'chain?' • Value:%the%amount%of%money%a%customer%is%willing%to%pay%for%a%product% • Cost:%the%cost%of%manufacturing%the%product% • Margin:%Value-Cost%% o Cost%leader-%increases%margins%by%decreasing%costs% o Differentiator-%increases%margins%by%maximizing%value% • Value'Chain:%a%network%of%value%creating%activities%(5%primary%activities%in%the%generic% value%chain).%In%other%words,%a%value%chain%is%the%sequence%of%linked%manufacturing% activities,%each%of%which%has%a%margin% % % Random%Defintions% • Foreign'keys:%a%column%or%group%of%columns%used%to%represent%relationships,%values%of% the%foreign%key%match%values%of%the%primary%key%in%a%different%table% %...