KINE 1P90 Lecture 1 Notes PDF

Preview

Summary

what is anatomy and physiology...

Description

KINE 1P90: Systems Anatomy – Lecture 1 Notes What is Anatomy & Physiology - Anatomy o The study of external & internal structures o The study of the relationship between body parts o Provides clues about physiological functions - Physiology o The study of how the body functions o The study of mechanisms in the body Anatomy and Physiology - Relationship: o The anatomical structure of the nasal cavity provides the physiological filtering and warming of the inhaled air o The anatomical structure of the muscular portion of the heart allows for the physiological pumping action Types of Anatomy - Microscopic Anatomy o Cannot be seen without magnification  Cytology – study of cells  Histology – study of tissues, groups of specialized cells - Macroscopic Anatomy o Can be seen without magnification  Surface anatomy – morphology  Regional anatomy – all structures in a specific area of the body (superficial and deep)  Systemic anatomy – study of organ systems Levels of Organization (**all levels of organization are connected**) - Cell: the smallest living unit in the body o Consists of organelles o i.e. cardiac myocyte - Tissue: many cells and some surrounding material o Epithelial, muscular, neural & connective tissue o i.e. several cardiac myocytes connected - Organ: combination of tissues o i.e. layers of cardiac myocytes form the wall of the heart - Organ System: combination of various organs make up a specific system o Humans are composed of 11 organ systems  Heart and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system



The stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas make up the digestive system

The Language of Anatomy - Introduction o Used for communication purposes o Used to give precise information o Latin and Greek words for the basis of numerous anatomical terms

Superficial Anatomy - Superficial Anatomy o Anatomical landmarks o Anatomical regions (2 methods) o Anatomical directions - Sectional Anatomy o Planes and sections o Body cavities Anatomical Position - Legs together - Feet flat on floor - Hands down at sides - Palms face forward - Supine: lying down (face up) in the anatomical position - Prone: lying down (face down) in the anatomical position Anatomical Regions - Abdominopelvic Quadrants o Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) o Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) o Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) o Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - Abdominopelvic Regions o Right Hypochondriac Region o Left Hypochondriac Region o Epigastric Region o Right Lumbar Region o Left Lumbar Region o Umbilical Region o Right Inguinal Region o Left Inguinal Region o Hypogastric Region

Body Cavities

Anatomical Directions - Superior/Inferior - Anterior/Posterior - Medial/Lateral - Deep/Superficial - Proximal/Distal Sectional Anatomy - Planes and Sections: o Any slice through 3D object is described with reference to 3 sectional planes  Sagittal cut: separating right and left (equally or unequally)  Transverse cut: separating superior and inferior  Frontal cut: separating anterior and posterior Tissue Types - There are over 75+ trillion cells in the body - There are approximately 200 types of cells - Cells = building blocks - All cells can be placed into one of the four tissue categories: o Epithelial tissue o Connective tissue o Muscular tissue

o Neural tissue

Anatomy of a Typical Cell

Epithelium - Sheet of cells - Covers and lines interior and exterior surfaces - Skin, digestive system, CVS, respiratory system, urogenital system, cerebral ventricles Epithelial Tissue Characteristics - Cellularity o Cells are close together o No intercellular space - Polarity o Exposed apical surface o Attached basal surface o Surfaces are structurally & functionally different - Attachment o Basal layer is attached to the basal lamina - Avascularity o Do not contain blood vessels - Arranged in Sheets o Composed of one or more layers of cells - Regeneration o Cells are continuously replaced via cell reproduction

Epithelial Tissue Functions - Provides physical protection o Protection from abrasion, dehydration and destruction - Controls permeability o Controls entry and exit of everything o Absorption – intestines and lungs - Provides sensation o Extensively innervated by sensory nerves - Produces secretions o Epithelial cells that produce secretions are called gland cells Specialization of Epithelial Cells - Microvilli o Increases surface area, for absorption and secretion o Found on apical surface of cells of the urinary and digestive tracts - Stereocilia o Long microvilli, commonly found in the inner ear and male reproductive tract - Ciliated Epithelium o Moves substances over the apical surface o Found lining of the respiratory tract Epithelial Tissue - Classification of Epithelia o Simple  Epithelium has only one layer of cells  Nuclei are approximately at the same level within each cell  Found in protected areas such as the internal compartments of the body o Stratified  Epithelium has two or more layers of cells  Found in areas where there are mechanical or chemical stresses o Epithelial Tissue Cells  Squamous cells  Thin, flat cells / “squished” nuclei  Cuboidal cells  Cube-shaped cells / centered, round nucleus  Columnar cells  Longer than they are wide / nucleus near the base  Transitional cells  Mixture of cells / nuclei appear to be scattered

-

Simple Squamous Epithelium  1 layer, thin o Location: Mesothelial lining ventral body cavities o Functions: Reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, perform absorption and secretion

-

Stratified Squamous Epithelium  more than 1 layer, thin o Location: Surface of skin, lining of oral cavity, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina o Functions: provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack Simple Cuboidal Epithelium  1 layer, cube shaped o Location: glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, thyroid gland o Functions: limited protection, secretion, absorption Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium  more than 1 layer, cube shape o Location: lining of some ducts (rare) o Functions: protection, secretion, absorption Simple Columnar Epithelium  1 layer, longer o Locations: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collectiong ducts of kidneys o Functions: protection, secretion, absorption Stratified Columnar Epithelium  more than 1 layer, long o Location: small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland, salivary gland ducts and urethra o Function: protection Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium o Location: lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi, portions of the male reproductive tract o Functions: protection, secretion Transitional Epithelium (stratified) o Location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters o Functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching

-

-

-

-

-

-

Practice Questions Which of the following terms correctly describes the plane that passes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis? A. Sagittal B. Coronal C. Transverse D. Frontal Answer: C. Transverse Plane The study of anatomy that can be examined with the unaided eye is ________. A. Regional Anatomy B. Pathological Anatomy C. Gross Anatomy D. Pure Anatomy Answer: C. Gross Anatomy The level of organization that consists of the smallest living units in the body is the ______ level A. Molecular B. Tissue C. Cellular D. Elemental Answer: C. Cellular What is the name of the region located between the left and right lungs? A. Pleural Cavity B. Mediastinum C. Epigastric D. Thoracic Cavity Answer: B. Mediastinum Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type? A. Epithelial B. Muscle C. Neural D. Connective E. None of the answers are correct Answer: E. None of the answers are correct

In epithelial tissues __________. A. Cells that are damaged or lost at the surface cannot be replaced B. There is little or no intercellular space between the cells C. Cells obtain nutrients via blood vessels found in the tissues D. Extracellular fluid or fibers separate the individual cells Answer: B. there is little or no intercellular space between cells Which body cavity holds the lungs, heart and the airways? Answer: Thoracic Cavity In what region is the appendix located? Answer: Right Iliac Region This plane divides the body into equal left and right halves Answer: Sagittal Plane

This view of the kidney is a _________ view Answer: Coronal

This view of the brain is a _________ view Answer: Coronal The _________ is lined by a double layered membrane called the peritoneum Answer: Abdominopelvic Cavity...