KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA KOREA DAN BAHASA INDONESIA: STUDI LINGUISTIK KONTRASTIF PDF

Preview

Summary

RELATIVE CLAUSE OF KOREAN AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE: A CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS STUDY Summary Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Master Degree in Linguistics By: Shanty Dewi Masita 17/419286/PSA/08248 LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA 2020...

Description

Accelerat ing t he world's research.

KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA KOREA DAN BAHASA INDONESIA: STUDI LINGUISTIK KONTRASTIF Shanty Masita

Related papers

Download a PDF Pack of t he best relat ed papers 

Arka, I Wayan. 2016. Bahasa Rongga: Deskripsi, T ipologi, dan Teori (Rongga: Descript ion, T ypol… I Wayan Arka Arka, I W. 2003. Lexical-Funct ional Grammar: some of it s basic principles and it s challenge in it s applic… I Wayan Arka PERSESUAIAN DALAM BAHASA ACEH Aneuk Jinoe

RELATIVE CLAUSE OF KOREAN AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE: A CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS STUDY

Summary Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Master Degree in Linguistics

By: Shanty Dewi Masita 17/419286/PSA/08248

LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA 2020

ABSTRACT

This research aimed to investigate relative clause construction in Korean and Indonesian as well as explaining the differences between the relative clause of them. This research used contrastive analysis theory. In this theses, Korean and Indonesian languages were described as they are before being contrasted. Both Korean and Indonesian language do have a relative clause. On the relativizer, Korean used morphological relativizer, but Indonesian used lexical relativizer. Korean relativizer differs depend on the tense, but Indonesian differs depend on the semantic relation between the head noun and the relative clause. Indonesian relative clause placed after the head noun, yet Korean relative clause placed before the head noun. Korean and Indonesian relativizer can be attached to verb and adjective. Korean relativizer cannot be attached to noun, but Indonesian relativizer can be attached to noun. Indonesian relativizer also can be attached to an adverb, but Korean does not. Korean and Indonesian relative clause both uses active and passive diatheses on it relative clause construction. But, Korean tends to use the active diatheses more than the passive one. In the other hand, Indonesian tends to use passive diatheses than the active one. Both Korean and Indonesian language can relativize subject, direct object, indirect object, oblique, and genetive. Indonesian language has a special characteristics on relativizing object. On the restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness, Korean and Indonesian relative clause have both of them. The difference is only on the non-restrictive relative clause. Indonesian non-restrictive relative clause is clearly seen because it is using comma and hyphen to mark the non-restrictiveness of the relative clause. Korean non-restrictive relative clause can only be known in the level of phonology, which is on the prosody.

Keywords: relative clause, contrastive analysis, Korean language, Indonesian language

Introduction Korean language typologically included to a flexo-agglutinative language (Nam dan Go, 2014:13). Flexo-agglutinative language forms word by attaching affixes and conjugating. Korean language has an SOV structure (Nam dan Go, 2014:15; Park, 2016:113). It means that it has postposition rather than preposition (Sudaryanto, 1981:5; Nam dan Go, 2014:16). Besides, another characteristics of Korean language is on its phrase structure which is the attribute comes before the head (Nam dan Go, 2014:17). Indonesian laguage typologically included to an agglutinative language. Agglutinative language forms the word by attaching affixes (Alieva, 1991:107). Indonesian language has an SVO structure (Verhaar, 1996:262; Sudaryanto, 1981:5) so that on the phrase structure, the attribute always come after the head. In this research, one of the grammatical unit of Korean and Indonesian language, which is the relative clause, is investigated. Relative clause was chosen because of its complex elements. Relative clause is a grammatical unit which is functioned as an attribute of a noun phrase, yet it has a clause characteristics (Vries, 2003:231). Both of Korean and Indonesian relative clause has its own characteristics. Thus, a contrastive study between them is needed. This

research

aims

to:

(1)

explaining

Korean

relative

clause

characteristics, (2) explaining Indonesian relative clause characteristics, and (3) explaining the difference of Korean and Indonesian relative clause. By this research, the researcher hope that this research may be beneficial for the

translators on Korean and Indonesian and for Korean who learns Indonesian or Indonesian who learns Korean. In this research, contrastive study is needed to explain the difference between Korean and Indonesian. On the contrastive study, the similarity and differences between Korean and Indonesian language explained comprehensively (Fisiak, 1981:2). In this research, Korean and Indonesian language were compared independently as they are. Some aspects like which one is L1 and which one is L2 or which one is the source language or which one is target language were not used. On the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar by Pollard and Ivan (1994), relative clause is a part of a complex noun phrase. Relative clause is devided into three types: (1) head-modifying relative clause construction, (2) relative-correlative construction, and (3) internally-headed relative clause construction. Although there are three types of relative clause, this research is only focused on the head-modifying relative clause only. This is because in Indonesia, most of the explanation about relative clause is concerning on the relation between the head noun and the relative clause as its attribute (Mees, 1954; Lapoliwa, 1990; Alieva, 1991; Sudarsa, 1993). Data were collected by selecting sentences containing relative clause. Those sentences were collected from Korean novel Ojik Du Saram and Indonesian novel Jalan Bandungan. Those two novel is written by the native speaker of Korean and Indonesian.

Data analysis were conducted using some methods. First, Indonesian and Korean relative clause were described as they are using descriptive-linguistics methods. This method is done in order to make an accurate analysis between the two languages. After the characteristics of Korean and Indonesian language described, they would be contrasted to find their differences. On presenting the data and analysis, there are also tables and diagram to make the presentation easier. On presenting Korean data, the researcher used several way: (1) using Korean alphabet (hangeul), (2) transliteration from hangeul into alphabet, (3) transliteration and the syntactical function, (4) linear translation and the syntax function, and (5) free translation.

Korean Relative Clause Characteristics Korean has a unique characteristics on the relativizer form. Korean has a bound morpheme as its relativizer form. This morpheme is attached on the end of the word on the final position of the relative clause. In Korean language, a morpheme which infulences morphological process or morphosyntax process always attached to its stem word (Nam dan Go, 2014:16). In Korean, the relativizer differs by the tense which is shown on the predicative word of the relative clause (Jo, 2014:28 and Je, 2019:168). There are four relativizers on Korean. It is–(eu)n, -neun, -(eu)l, and -deon. -(eu)n has two realizations, -n and -eun. Look at the following sentence. (1) [내 가 [nae- ga [nae- SUB [I- SUB

보고 싶 bogoshipbogoship miss-

은] 언니 eun] eonniREL] eonniREL] sister-

가 ga SUB SUB

내일 졸업해 요. naeil joleobhaeyo naeil joleobhaeHON tomorrow graduateHON ‘a sister that I missed will be graduated tomorrow’ (2) 우리 반에 [미국 에서 uri ban-e [miguk- eseo uri ban-POSP [miguk- POSP our class-POSP [America-POSP 옆 집 에 yeopjibe yeopjibPOSP besidehouse- POSP ‘the student in our class which house’

온] 학생 이 o-n] haksaeng- i o-REL] haksaeng- NOM come-REL] student- NOM

살 아요. salayo salHON stay- HON come from America stays beside my

On (1), the relativizer (eu)n attached to a stem word which is ended by a consonant ph so -eun is used rather than -n. On (2), the relativizer -n used because the verbs ended with vocal o. The relativizer -(eu)n shows an activity which is happened in the past time. Yeom and Brown (2011: 332) added that the verbs which is attached to the relativizer -(eu)n implies an activity which the implication of that activity affects the condition on the moment so that they call it state/result modifier. The -neun relativizer implies: (1) an activity which has happended, but not yet completed, (2) a habitual activity, or (3) a freqiluent activity. Yeon and Brown (2011:330) identified this relatovozer as a dynamic modifier. Unlike –(eu)n, the relativizer -neun only have one realization. It does not matter whatever the word ended with. Look at the sentences below.

(3) [네 가 [ne- ga [ne- SUB [you- SUB 못 들 mot deulNEG deulNEG hear-

하는] ha-neun] ha-REL] do-REL]

말을 mal-eul mal-OBJ word-OBJ

하나 도 hana- do hana- do one- pun

었 어요. eoss- eoyo KLP- HON KLP- HON

‘i can’t hear every single word that you are saying’’ The -(eu)l relativizer in Korean is generally used to marks future tense. Thus, Yeon and Brown (2011) calls it future modifier. This relativizer has two realization. It is -l and -eul. The realization -l is used when the verb ended with vocal. The realization -eul i used when the verb ended woth consonant. Please look at the following sentences. (4) [슈퍼마켓 에서 살] 제품 이 많 아요. [syupeomakhet- eseo sa- l] jephum-i manh- ayo [syupeomakhet- POSP sa- REL] jephum-NOM manh- HON [supermarket- POSP buy-REL] product-NOM many- HON ‘there are many things that I want to buy in the supermarket’ (5) [내가 [nae-ga [nae-SUB [I- SUB

입 을] ib- eul] ib- REL] wear- REL]

그 geu geu that

빨간 ppalga-n ppalga-PRK red- PRK

옷 이 ot- i ot- NOM shirt-NOM

비 bi bi rain

때문에 젖 었 다. ttaemune jeoj- eoss- da ttaemune jeoj- KLP- DEK because wet- KLP- DEK ‘the red shirt that I will wear is wet because of rain’ On sentence (4), the stem word sa ‘buy’ is attached to the -l realization because the word ended with vocal a. But, the stem word ip ‘wear’ in sentence (5) attacched to the realization -eul rather than -l. It us because the word ended with consonant.

The relativizer -deon can be attached both in the word ended with consonant and vocal. Look at the following sentences. (6) [제 가 알 던] 그 아빠 가 [je- ga al- deon] geu appa- ga [je- SUB al- REL] geu appa- NOM [I- SUB know- REL] that dad- NOM ‘he’s not the dad that I’ve known’

아니 anianinot-

에요. yeyo HON HON (ODS, 2017:10)

(7) [젊고 [jolm- go [jolm- go [young-and

자신 만만하 던] jasin- manmanha-deon] jasin- manmanha-REL] sel- easyREL]

그 geu geu that

사람 은 saram- eun saram- TOP people- TOP

어디 갔 을까 요? eodi ka- ss- eulkka- yo eodi ka- KLP- INTRG- HON where go- KLP- INTRG- HON ‘where does the person whose her/him self-esteem easy goes?’ (ODS, 2017:11) On sentence (6), the relativizer -deon attached to the stem word al ‘know’. On the word which is ended by the consonant, the relativizer does not change. On sentence (7), the relativizer -deon is also appear with no change, although the stem word ended with vocal. Because the relativizer in Korean has a bound morpheme form, the relative clause position of Korean is in the left of the head noun. Besides, because of having such kind of form, Korean relativizer is attached to a constituent which plays role as a predicator ofthe relative clause. Please look at the sentences below. (8) 내

가

샀 던 ATR nae- ga sa- ss- deon nae- SUB sa- KLP-deon I- SUB buy- KLP-REL

바지 NP baji baji trouser

‘the trouser which I bought’ (9) 우리 가

내일 갈 ATR uri- ga naeil ga- l uri- SUB naeil ga- REL we- SUB tomorrow go- REL ‘the place that we will go tomorrow’

곳 NP got got place

Data (8) and (9) shows that the relative clause placed in the left of the head noun. This is because a relative clause plays role as an attribute of a noun phrase so that in a head-final language like Korean, the attribute always placed before the head noun. Korean language can only be attached to verb and adjective. Please look at the following sentence. (10) 이 언어 를 쓰 는 i eoneo- reul sseu- neun i eoneo- OBJ sseu- REL this language- OBJ use- REL ‘the people who use this language’

사람 saram saram people (ODS, 2017:8)

(11) 수박 subaksubakstay-

비 bibifare-

가 ga NOM NOM

저렴한 jeoryeomha-n jeoryeomha-REL cheapREL

유스호스텔 yuseuhoseuthel yuseuhoseuthel youth hostel

‘youth hostel yang biaya menginapnya murah’ (ODS, 2017:20) On data (10), the relativizer -neun attached to the stem word sseu- which come from the word sseuda ‘use’. The word sseuda is included to verb category. On (11), the relativizer –(eu)n attached to the stem word jeoryeomha- which come from jeoryeomhada ‘cheap’. The word jeoryeomhada included to the adjective. On the relative clause, Korean can use both active and passive diatheses. Look at the following sentences.

(12) 제 je POS:1 POS:1

삶 salmsalmlife-

에서 eseo POSP POSP

[엄마 를 [eomma-reul [eomma-reul [mom- OBJ

잃어버린] irheo-beori-n] irheo-beori-n] lostREL]

순간이 sungan-i sungan-i time-NOM

있 다 면 바로 그 때 일거 예요. iss- da- myeon baro geu ttae ilgeo- yeyo iss- DEK- myeon baro geu ttae ilgeo- yeyo exist-DEK- if that time VRBLZ- FUT- DEK ‘in my life, if there is a time when I lost my mom, may be that was the time’ (ODS, 2017:15) (13) [다소 성격 이 [daso seonggyeok- i [daso seonggyeok- NOM [a bit character- NOM

급해 geubhae geubhae rush

보 이 는] bo- ineun] bo- ineun] look- PAS- REL]

경찰관 이 그 의 말 을 끊 었 다. gyeongchal- i geu- eui mal- eul kkeunh- eoss- da gyeongchal- NOM geu- POS mal- OBJ kkeunh- KLP- DEK policeNOM he- POS word- OBJ cutKLP- DEK ‘the police whose character a bit rush cuts his words’ (ODS, 2017:72) The diatheses used in sentence (12) is an active diatheses. It is prooved by the absent of the passive marker on its verb. On sentence (13), passive diatheses is used because there is a passive marker attached to the verb. Korean language can relativize subject, direct object, indirect object, oblique, and genetive. On relativizing the elements, there is no implication of the diatheses used inside the relative clause. Basically, a restrictive and non-restrictive relative clause is marked by the existence of comma (,) (Lucas, 1974:85; Ree, 1970:149; Kim, 1993:189) also in Indonesian marked by the hyphen (−) (Verhaar, 1996:333). But, as a language which has a loose structure and rich of morphosyntax marker, Korean language rarely uses punctuation.

The restrictive relative clause could be seen easier than the non-restrictive one. Most of the research on the Korean relative clause tends to focus on the restrictive one (Ree, 1970:148). These sentences are examples of the Korean restrictive relative clause. (15) 낮 에 할 naj- e ha- l naj- POSP ha- l noon- POSP do- PRK [현정 이 [hyunjung- i [hyunjung- NOM [Hyunjung- NOM

일 il il thing

없 eopseopsNEG-

다니 는] dani- neun] dani- REL] attend- REL]

고 해서 go hae- seo go hae- seo and KKB-seo

대학교 에서 영어 daehakkyo- eseo yeongeo daehakkyo- POSP yeongeo university- POSP English

회화 수업 을 들 었어 요. hwehwa sueob- eul deuleoss- eoyo hwehwa sueob- OBJ deulKLP- HON speaking classOBJ hearKLP- HON ‘at noon, since we have nothing to do, we attend Hyunjung’s English speaking class’ (ODS, 2017:21) The non-restrictive relative clause sould be known from the prosody. Please look at the following examples. (16a) #nun-man/ naenoh-go/ mom/ jeonche-reul/ gari-n/ museullim/ yeoseong# eye-just put-and body all-OBJ cover-REL moslem woman (16b) #nun-man/ naenoh-go/ mom/ jeonche-reul/ gari-n// museullim/ yeoseong# eye-just put-and body all-OBJ cover-REL moslem woman (17a) #geu/ jeonhwa-reul/ bad-neun/ chingu# that telephone-OBJ accept-REL friend (17b) #geu// jeonhwa-reul/ bad-neun// chingu# that telephone-OBJ accept-REL friend On (16a) it is implied that the one who is being talked is all the moslem women who is hang the head and cover all of her body. But, in (16b), it is implied that

from some moslem women, the one who is being talked is the woman who hang the head and cover all of her body. The same thing also happen on (17a) and (17b). This explanation proof that there is a non-restrictive relative clause on Korean, but it has a different characteristics.

Indinesian Relative Clause Characteristics Indonesia has a free morpheme form of relatovozer. They are yang, di mana, tempat, and bahwa. From those relatovizer, the most typical one is yang. It is said typical because mostly people use it. Look at the following sentence (18) Keenan memandangi neneknya [yang berjalan menuju meja makan]. ‘Keenan saw his grandmother who walks to the dining table’ (PK, 2015:12) (19) Kupingnya tersumbat earphone [yang mengumandangkan musik new wave koleksi abangnya]. ‘his ear covered with an earphone which plays his brother’s new wave music collection’ (PK, 2015:13) Wijana (2006) and Agustina (2009) categorize di mana as one of the relativizer in Indonesia. Look at the following sentences. (20) Rumah [di mana ia tinggal itu] kini rata dengan tanah. ‘the house which he lived is now demolished’ (21) Sebuah keadaan [di mana pasien mengalami kenaikan dan penurunan suhu badan dalam beberapa waktu] disebut masa inkubasi. ‘a condition when a patient having an unstabile body temperature is called incubation period’

Sentence (21) shows that di mana could be used to shows the spacial relation between the head noun and the relative clause. But, the word di mana also can be used when the head noun and the relative clause have an explanatory relation. Another relativizer which also common in Indonesia is tempat (Mees, 1954; Sudarsa, dkk.: 1993; Wijana, 2006; Agustina, 2009). The word tempat has a semantic association with space. Thus, this relativizer can be used when the head noun and the relative clause have a spacial relation. Look at the following sentences. (22) Restoran [tempat dia akan bekerja itu] masih dalam proses renovasi. ‘a restaurant where he works is on the progress of renovation’ (23) Ruang kelas [tempat kami belajar] ada di lantai tiga gedung ini. ‘a classroom where we study is on the third floor of this building’ Differs with di mana, the usage of tempat is only limited to the spacial relation towards the head noun. Lapoliwa (1990) identified a clause which started by bahwa as a insertive propositional clause. Look at the sentences below. (24) Pengumuman [bahwa kereta api akan segera berangkat] terdengar dari jauh. ‘the notification that the train will be soon departed were heard from afar’ (25) Berita [bahwa ia telah menikah] terdengar sampai ke pelosok desa. ‘the news that he’s already married has already heard in this village On sentence (24), the word bahwa started with the head noun pengumuman 'notification'. So does the word bahwa in (25) which modifies the head noun

berita 'news'. Because there is a head noun before the word bahwa, it can be concluded that the constituent started with bahwa is a relative clause. As formerly stated, Indonesian has a free morpheme form of relativizer. Also, on the phrase structure, Indonesian has a structure of the head noun which placed before the relative noun (in the initial place). Thus, the relative clause in Indonesian placed in the right position towards the head noun. Look at the sentences below. (26) baju NP

yang kubeli kemarin ATR

‘the clothes that I bought yesterday’ (27) rumah NP

tempat kami tinggal sepuluh tahun lalu ATR

‘the house where we live ten years ago’ These kind of phrase is well-known as DM theory in Indonesian (Alisjahbana, 1950). Alwi et al. (1988) categorizes four main word classes in Indonesian. Th...