Lab 2 Cardiorespiratory Fitness Tests 2019 PDF

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

Lab 2 – Cardiorespiratory Fitness Tests Introduction Cardiorespiratory fitness, also known as aerobic fitness or aerobic endurance, is the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply energy during sustained physical activity (2). The most widely accepted measure of cardiorespiratory fitness is maximal oxygen uptake or VO2 max. VO2 max is defined as the body's maximum capacity to take in oxygen from the air, transport it to the working tissues, and consume it via aerobic metabolism. VO2 max is a good way to determine initial fitness level from which to develop an exercise program and monitor progress and is therefore routinely used to evaluate the effect of medical, surgical or rehabilitative treatment on cardiopulmonary function (1). Testing VO2 max requires expensive and sophisticated equipment, technical expertise, maximal efforts by subjects, and a degree of medical risk. To avoid some of these problems, alternative tests have been developed to predict VO2 max from submaximal efforts. The equipment and procedures are less complex, useful in the field, require less intense exercise and have a lower medical risk (2). The physiological basis for the prediction of VO2 max from submaximal efforts relies on a number of assumptions. As both oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) have linear (direct) relationships with exercise intensity, it is assumed that heart rate and oxygen consumption are directly related. Based on this relationship, oxygen consumption can be estimated indirectly by measuring workload (or exercise intensity) and heart rate.

Objectives    

Conduct measurements of resting heart rate via manual palpation and via an electronic sensor. Explore the concepts of measurement error and comparison with a reference measurement. Conduct a submaximal VO2max test that is commonly used in the field of health, sport and exercise science. Compare and contrast your own data against that of normative values from the general population.

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019 Large portions of this lab handout have been adapted from Coombes, J., & Skinner, T. (2014). ESSA’s Student Manual for Health, Exercise & Sport Assessment. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier. For further details regarding the correct technique of conducting these tests and the interpretation of the data form these tests, please consult this textbook. Students enrolled in the Bachelor of Exercise and Sport Science and Bachelor of Clinical Exercise Physiology program will be required to own this book later in your degree for courses such as EXMD2382. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cardiovascular health & fitness A1: Resting heart rate From: Coombes, J., & Skinner, T. (2014). ESSA’s Student Manual for Health, Exercise & Sport Assessment, pp. 32-36. Equipment  Stopwatch  Heart rate chest strap with integrated transmitter  Heart rate watch (receiver) Protocol 1. In a group of 3, allocate one person as the client, one person as the tester and one person as the examiner. The tester will attempt to measure the subject heart rate using palpation while the examiner will compare this to the heart rate measured by the heart rate monitor. 2. The examiner should perform the following steps. The tester should not be made aware of the heart rate using the heart rate monitor as this can bias the results when they measure heart rate using palpation (Step 8). 3. Wet the electrodes on the heart rate monitor with water. 4. Secure the transmitter using the strap around the chest below the pectoral fold. For females this will be just below the bra line. 5. Check the watch is receiving the signal from the transmitter (allow 30 seconds). There are a variety of techniques to get a signal depending on the make and model. 6. Ask the client to be seated until you observe a steady resting heart rate on the receiver. 7. Do not verbalise this or show this to the tester. Troubleshooting  If the watch does not appear to be receiving the signal from the transmitter then check that it is firm on the skin and water has been used on the electrodes.  If it is still not receiving a signal then move the transmitter either slightly up or down on your chest.  If the heart rate is changing rapidly or appears to be unrealistically too high, it may be picking up a signal from another transmitter. Move at least 2 metres away from the other transmitters being used. Page 2 of 10

BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019 8. With the heart rate monitor attached and working, the tester should now attempt to measure heart rate using palpation. 9. With the client seated, have them relax their left arm on a table or bench (if possible). 10. Locate the radial artery by palpation a. With the client’s palm facing upwards, the location of the radial artery is approximately 3-5cm proximal to the wrist on the lateral (thumb side) of the arm. 11. Apply light pressure with the tips of the middle and index fingers, and try to feel the rhythmical pulsing. If you do not feel it after 5 seconds, move your fingers to a slightly different location and/or apply slightly more pressure. 12. Measuring heart rate: when you do feel the pulse, count the pulses whilst using a stopwatch to time 15 seconds and multiply the pulses by four (to determine heart rate in beats per minute). It is important to count the first pulse as ‘0’ as you start the stopwatch. 13. At the same time as tester is measuring the heart rate by palpation, the examiner should be monitoring the heart rate using the heart rate monitor. Record these two heart rates in Table 2. 14. Repeat and ensure each person in the group participates as the client, tester and examiner. 15. Clean and disinfect the heart rate monitors.

A2: YMCA cycle ergometer test From: Coombes, J., & Skinner, T. (2014). ESSA’s Student Manual for Health, Exercise & Sport Assessment, pp. 221-225. Equipment  Heart rate monitor set (transmitter, receiver, chest strap)  Scales  Stopwatch  Cycle ergometer (Monark) Protocol The YMCA test involves multiple 3-minute stages according to the flow diagram (Figure 1) below. It is less stressful and therefore safer than other testing protocols. 1. Measure the client’s body mass and record this value above Table 2. 2. Calculate 85% of the client’s age-predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax) using the formula: 85% of HRmax = (0.85 x [208 – {0.7 x age}]). 3. Fit a heart rate monitor to the client using the steps described in section A1. 4. Adjust seat height on cycle ergometer such that the knee is slightly flexed (175° – 160°) when the ball of the foot is on the pedal at the bottom downstroke. Quality

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019 ergometers have numbered holes on the seat posts. These should normally be recorded for retest purposes. 5. If the client is unfamiliar with cycling it is recommended that a 3-min warm-up at the intensity of the first stage be implemented prior to beginning the test. If this is needed then allow the heart rate to return to approximately the pre warm-up value. 6. Ask the client to cycle at 50 rpm at the first resistance of 0.5 kiloponds (kp) (150 kpm/min or 25 W) for a minimum of 3 minutes. 7. Continually monitor cadence as clients have a tendency to cycle faster than the requested cadence, which invalidates the test. Ask the client to remain silent during the test unless they experience discomfort. 8. Record heart rate at the end of each minute into Table 3. 9. After 3 minutes on stage 1 compare the 2nd and 3rd minute heart rates: a. If they differ by ≤ 5 bpm go to stage 2 based on the participant’s heart rate after the 3rd minute (Figure 3.2). Record the work rate into Table 3. b. If the 2nd and 3rd minute heart rates differ by > 5 bpm continue on the first stage until two successive heart rates differ by ≤ 5 bpm, then go to the next stage from the vertical column (Figure 3.2). 10. At the end of the next stages use the same criteria as the first stage (i.e. only move to the next stage after 3 minutes if the two last successive minute heart rates differ by ≤ 5 bpm). 11. A minimum of three stages must be completed and these stages must follow along the same line established after the first stage. 12. Continue the test until you have at least two stages (work-rates) with corresponding steady-state heart rates ≥ 110 bpm and < 85% of the client’s age predicted HRmax. 13. The test should not exceed 16 minutes and should be stopped if the heart rate exceeds 85% of age predicted HRmax. 14. After the final stage the client cools down by cycling with light (e.g. 0.5 kp) resistance at a self-selected cadence for 3 minutes. 15. Ensure all equipment (heart rate monitor, ear pieces) are cleaned and disinfected.

Table 1. Force and power on a Monark cycle ergometer Mass kg/kp 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Resistance N kpm/min 5 150 10 300 15 450 20 600 25 750 30 900

Power W 25 50 75 100 125 150

Mass kg/kp 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

Resistance N kpm/min 35 1050 40 1200 45 1350 50 1500 55 1650 60 1800

Power W 175 200 225 250 275 300

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

Figure 1. YMCA test work rate flowchart 0.5 kp 150 kpm/min) (25 W)

HR 99

2.5 kp 750 kpm/min) (125 W)

2 kp 600 kpm/min) (100 W)

1.5 kp 450 kpm/min) (75 W)

1 kp 300 kpm/min) (50 W)

3 kp 900 kpm/min) (150 W)

2.5 kp 750 kpm/min) (125 W)

2 kp 600 kpm/min) (100 W)

1.5 kp 450 kpm/min) (75 W)

3.5 kp 1050 kpm/min) (175 W)

3 kp 900 kpm/min) (150 W)

2.5 kp 750 kpm/min) (125 W)

2 kp 600 kpm/min) (100 W)

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

Data Recording & Analysis Client Information Client (Your) Name: ___________________________ Sex: M / F

Date of Birth: _____ /_____ /_____

Primary Sport / Exercise: _________________________ Weight: _______ kg

Age predicted HRmax (208-[0.7 x age]) : __________ bpm 85% HRmax: __________ bpm

Table 2. Resting Heart Rate data Heart Rate Method

Resting Heart Rate (bpm)

Radial Heart rate monitor

Table 3. YMCA test data Stage

1

2

3

4*

Minute 1 2 3 4* 5* 1 2 3 4* 5* 1 2 3 4* 5* 1 2 3 4* 5*

Work rate (kpm/min) Heart rate (bpm)

*if necessary

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

Data Analysis Comparing heart rate methods Using the heart rates measured via the two methods, calculate the absolute difference. Absolute difference = Heart rate (monitor) – Heart (radial)

Difference: _________ bpm Percentage difference = 100 – [(Radial HR x 100) / Monitor HR]

Percent difference = ________ % As a general rule, the percentage difference should be less than 5% when comparing a technique such as palpating the heart rate against a reference method (heart rate monitor).

Estimated VO2max – YMCA test Using the ACSM cycle ergometry metabolic equation below, calculate VO2 for the 2nd last and last stage completed by the client: ACSM cycle ergometry metabolic equation: VO2 (mL/kg/min) = 3.5 + 3.5 + {[1.8 x work rate (kpm/min)] / body mass} 2nd last stage work rate = ____________ kpm/min (from Table 3)

VO2 at 2nd last stage = _______________ mL/kg/min Last stage work rate = ____________ kpm/min (from Table 3)

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

VO2 at last stage = _______________ mL/kg/min Using the two VO2 values just calculated, as well as the final HR values for both stages in Table 2, calculate the slope (m) of the HR and VO2 relationship using the following equation: Slope (m) = (VO2 at last stage – VO2 at 2nd last stage) / (Final HR at last stage – Final HR at 2nd last stage)

m = ______________ VO2max is then estimated using the following equation: Estimated VO2max = m x (HRmax – Final HR at last stage) + VO2 at last stage

Estimated VO2max = _________________ mL/kg/min Percentile: ______________ (Table 4 page 11) Rating: ________________________ (Table 4 page 11)

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

Table 4. VO2max normative data (mL/kg/min)

Percentile Men 95 - well-above average 90 85 80 75 - above average 70 65 60 55 50 - average 45 40 35 30 25 - below average 20 15 10 5 - well-below average Women 95 - well-above average 90 85 80 75 - above average 70 65 60 55 50 - average 45 40 35 30 25 - below average 20 15 10 5 - well-below average

20-29

Age (yrs) 30-39 40-49

50-59

68.2 65.2 63.1 61.5 60.1 58.8 57.6 56.5 55.5 54.4 53.3 52.3 51.2 50.0 48.7 47.3 45.7 43.6 40.6

61.4 58.7 56.9 55.4 54.2 53.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 49.1 48.2 47.2 46.2 45.2 44.0 42.8 41.3 39.5 36.8

59.9 57.1 55.2 53.7 52.4 51.2 50.2 49.2 48.2 47.2 46.2 45.2 44.2 43.2 42.0 40.7 39.2 37.3 34.5

54.8 52.1 50.3 48.8 47.6 46.5 45.5 44.5 43.5 42.6 41.7 40.7 39.7 38.7 37.6 36.4 34.9 33.1 30.4

55.7 52.9 51.0 49.5 48.2 47.0 46.0 45.0 44.0 43.0 42.0 41.0 40.0 39.0 37.8 36.5 35.0 33.1 30.3

51.2 48.7 47.0 45.7 44.6 43.6 42.6 41.7 40.9 40.0 39.1 38.3 37.4 36.4 35.4 34.3 33.0 31.3 28.8

49.7 47.2 45.6 44.2 43.1 42.0 41.1 40.1 39.3 38.4 37.5 36.7 35.7 34.8 33.7 32.6 31.2 29.6 27.1

43.8 41.7 40.3 39.2 38.2 37.4 36.6 35.8 35.1 34.4 33.7 33.0 32.2 31.4 30.6 29.6 28.5 27.1 25.0

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BIOL1900, Semester 1, 2019

Uploading Your Data For the major lab report, you will be required to make calculations and comparisons on the class data generated from Labs 2 and 3 as well as making comparisons to your own data during the labs. As such, each student is required to upload the data they have collected to an online repository. The database is confidential and you won’t be able to be identified. Please ensure you upload your data no later than 24hrs following your lab. Once you have completed the above calculations (you may want to double check they are correct) you should then go to https://courses.smp.uq.edu.au/STAT/data. This website contains a survey for Lab 2 that will allow you to enter these values in the appropriate fields. It also contains a few qualitative questions that might be of interest / help explain the data. Please ensure you upload your data carefully. There are no units required to be included, just simply type in the relevant values. Here is a snapshot of some questions….

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