LAB 2-SPOT Speed Study Group 2 PDF

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HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERINGECG 564OPEN-ENDED LABOCT 2020 – FEB 2021TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : SPOT SPEED STUDYDATE OF EXPERIMENT : 26th OCTOBER 2020GROUP : EC220 5CGROUP MEMBERS 1. FARAH AZMINA BT AZMI (2019893004)2. MUHAMMAD IZZAT AIMAN BIN ROSLI (2019814604)3. NOR ASYIRIN BINTI REJAL (2019660...

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HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ECG 564 OPEN-ENDED LAB OCT 2020 – FEB 2021 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF EXPERIMENT GROUP GROUP MEMBERS

: SPOT SPEED STUDY : 26th OCTOBER 2020 : EC220 5C2 1. FARAH AZMINA BT AZMI (2019893004) 2. MUHAMMAD IZZAT AIMAN BIN ROSLI (2019814604) 3. NOR ASYIRIN BINTI REJAL (2019660738) 4. NUR ARISHA BINTI MD ZIN (2019495666) 5. NURUL NADIA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN (2019608112)

LECTURER LEVEL OF OPENESS

: IR. DR. SITI NURBAYA BINTI AB KARIM : 1 MARKS

COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY RESULTS&ANALYSIS

1

2

3

4

5

DISCUSSION

1

2

3

4

5

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

5

TOTAL MARKS

Introduction Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways & means are guided and given to the students. However, the answers to the assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and innovativeness. The activity is hope to slowly introduced and inculcate independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder task of open ended laboratory activities. In this laboratory activity, students are required to conduct a spot speed study (using radar gun & manual determination), by recording the speeds of sample of vehicles at a specified location in order to estimate the distribution of speeds of vehicles. Students are encouraged to develop their critical analysis skills by analyzing and presenting the experimental results appropriately. Objectives The objectives of the test are: a) To establish the speed distribution of a traffic stream at a specific site or called as basic speed data PREAMBLE

b) To determine vehicle speed percentiles via speed trend analysis, which are useful in speed related decision making Theoretical Background Spot speeds are the vehicle speeds taken at a specified point along the roadway and the average of such speeds is referred to as time mean speed. A spot study is carried out by recording the speeds sample of vehicles at specified location in order to estimate the distribution of speed of vehicles. Spot speed data have a number of safety applications, including determine speed trends by systematic continuous speed studies, the

measurement

of

traffic

control

devices’

or

traffic

programs’ effectiveness, the evaluation of speeding problems, assessing speed as a causal factor to crashes, investigate existing parameters in respect to traffic operation and control like speed limit, speed zones and the limits of no-passing zones, establish and/or evaluate the roadway’s geometric design for example Page 1 of 14

sight distance elements and so forth. Depending on the use of data, the observer must consider whether to collect speeds of all vehicles, including platooned vehicles or only the speeds of unimpeded vehicles. It is impossible to obtain a radar measurement for every vehicle under heavy traffic conditions. One may collect all speeds during the peak period for peak flow analysis whereas the speed of unimpeded vehicle would be collected for assessing general speed trends or for setting speed limits or assessing the impact of speed zone signing, thereby off-peak measurement (free-flowing traffic) are more appropriate. Study duration of one hour or a sample size of at least 100 vehicles. The radar gun is position according to procedure specified in the user manual. Over speeding is one of the major causes of road accidents in Malaysia. Speed limits PROBLEM STATEMENT

are implemented to prevent over speeding of vehicles. To determine whether the drivers of vehicles comply with the speed limit, spot speed studies are carried out to determine the speed of vehicles operating on the road.

There are two (2) methods of conducting the spot speed study, radar gun (automatic) and stopwatch method (manual). The stopwatch method can be used to successfully complete a spot speed study using a small sample size taken over a relatively short period of time. The stopwatch method is a quick and inexpensive method for collecting speed data.

WAYS AND

i. The procedure for spot speed study using radar gun are as follows:

MEANS a) Perform necessary preparations such as sufficient pens or pencils, radar meter spot speed study data forms and clipboards, radar speed meters are in good condition, read instructions and procedure for the used radar gun, obtain backup battery, safety vests and others. b) Decide study location and selected site should be a STRAIGHT AND LEVEL road section that represents different traffic conditions. Page 2 of 14

c) Enumerators should arrive 30 minutes earlier at site in order to familiarize (do visual appraisal survey) with it prior to select strategic location, distribute the equipment, fill in the general information of the spot speed data recording forms that comprise the observer's name, time and date of study, name of site, posted speed limit and weather condition and begin at the planned time. d) Sketch the layout of the study area with the description of chosen reference points, position of observation, number of lanes and road class. e) The enumerators, the radar unit and the station for speed data collection should be inconspicuous where possible so that vehicular speeds are significantly not affected by the data collection activities. f) Randomly select the samples, for example the observer could record a speed reading for every third vehicle or every fifth vehicle. g) The radar meter should be made as direct a line with oncoming traffic as possible, meaning to make it as close to the roadway as possible (an exception when the vehicles selected and radar unit tends to affect vehicle speeds considerably). h) Observe the vehicle speeds for duration of one- h o u r study or 100 samples.

Page 3 of 14

Location: Multilane Highway Puncak Perdana Time start: 12:18:00 PM Table 1.0: Data Collected on a Multilane Highway in Puncak Perdana Veh .

Speed Date

Time

No.

RESULTS

(In KPH)

1

10/6/2016

2

10/6/2016

3

10/6/2016

4

10/6/2016

5

10/6/2016

6

10/6/2016

7

10/6/2016

8

10/6/2016

9

10/6/2016

10

10/6/2016

11

10/6/2016

12

10/6/2016

13

10/6/2016

12:47:24 PM 12:47:25 PM 12:47:33 PM 12:47:36 PM 12:47:44 PM 12:47:46 PM 12:47:48 PM 12:47:51 PM 12:47:57 PM 12:48:00 PM 12:48:02 PM 12:48:07 PM 12:48:07 PM

Veh. No.

Date

72

51

10/6/2016

71

52

10/6/2016

66

53

10/6/2016

40

54

10/6/2016

77

55

10/6/2016

72

56

10/6/2016

84

57

10/6/2016

60

58

10/6/2016

82

59

10/6/2016

85

60

10/6/2016

50

61

10/6/2016

72

62

10/6/2016

72

63

10/6/2016

Time

Speed (In

12:50:29 PM 12:50:31 PM 12:50:32 PM 12:50:52 PM 12:50:57 PM 12:50:59 PM 12:51:01 PM 12:51:08 PM 12:51:10 PM 12:51:13 PM 12:51:15 PM 12:51:21 PM 12:51:22 PM

Page 4 of 14

KPH) 74 72 76 64 53 69 58 69 69 76 74 61 51

14

10/6/2016

15

10/6/2016

16

10/6/2016

17

10/6/2016

18

10/6/2016

19

10/6/2016

20

10/6/2016

21

10/6/2016

22

10/6/2016

23

10/6/2016

24

10/6/2016

25

10/6/2016

26

10/6/2016

27

10/6/2016

28

10/6/2016

29

10/6/2016

30

10/6/2016

12:48:15 PM 12:48:18 PM 12:48:20 PM 12:48:23 PM 12:48:23 PM 12:48:24 PM 12:48:30 PM 12:48:32 PM 12:48:33 PM 12:48:33 PM 12:48:38 PM 12:48:40 PM 12:48:43 PM 12:48:47 PM 12:48:48 PM 12:48:50 PM 12:48:55 PM

77

64

10/6/2016

85

65

10/6/2016

80

66

10/6/2016

72

67

10/6/2016

72

68

10/6/2016

79

69

10/6/2016

77

70

10/6/2016

74

71

10/6/2016

77

72

10/6/2016

77

73

10/6/2016

71

74

10/6/2016

74

75

10/6/2016

55

76

10/6/2016

64

77

10/6/2016

58

78

10/6/2016

64

79

10/6/2016

92

80

10/6/2016

12:51:23 PM 12:51:26 PM 12:51:26 PM 12:51:28 PM 12:51:30 PM 12:51:31 PM 12:51:32 PM 12:51:33 PM 12:51:36 PM 12:51:37 PM 12:51:41 PM 12:51:42 PM 12:51:44 PM 12:51:47 PM 12:51:48 PM 12:51:50 PM 12:51:58 PM

Page 5 of 14

66 61 61 63 60 50 60 68 69 64 68 71 77 90 53 58 47

31

10/6/2016

32

10/6/2016

33

10/6/2016

34

10/6/2016

35

10/6/2016

36

10/6/2016

37

10/6/2016

38

10/6/2016

39

10/6/2016

40

10/6/2016

41

10/6/2016

42

10/6/2016

43

10/6/2016

44

10/6/2016

45

10/6/2016

46

10/6/2016

47

10/6/2016

12:48:57 PM 12:48:57 PM 12:49:01 PM 12:49:02 PM 12:49:03 PM 12:49:05 PM 12:49:05 PM 12:49:07 PM 12:49:12 PM 12:49:16 PM 12:49:31 PM 12:49:49 PM 12:49:55 PM 12:49:59 PM 12:50:07 PM 12:50:16 PM 12:50:18 PM

77

81

10/6/2016

77

82

10/6/2016

79

83

10/6/2016

82

84

10/6/2016

69

85

10/6/2016

71

86

10/6/2016

71

87

10/6/2016

72

88

10/6/2016

77

89

10/6/2016

68

90

10/6/2016

72

91

10/6/2016

66

92

10/6/2016

61

93

10/6/2016

55

94

10/6/2016

66

95

10/6/2016

77

96

10/6/2016

79

97

10/6/2016

12:52:00 PM 12:52:00 PM 12:52:03 PM 12:52:05 PM 12:52:09 PM 12:52:11 PM 12:52:12 PM 12:52:16 PM 12:52:17 PM 12:52:19 PM 12:52:29 PM 12:52:35 PM 12:52:37 PM 12:52:41 PM 12:52:42 PM 12:52:50 PM 12:52:54 PM

Page 6 of 14

51 51 51 76 69 72 71 74 60 66 51 74 72 72 72 76 68

48

10/6/2016

49

10/6/2016

50

10/6/2016

12:50:22 PM 12:50:27 PM 12:50:27 PM

68

98

10/6/2016

74

99

10/6/2016

68

100

10/6/2016

12:52:58 PM

85

12:53:00

85

PM 12:53:02

88

PM

From the table above: Minimum speed

= 40 km/h

Maximum speed

= 92 km/h

Speed range

= Maximum speed – Minimum speed = 92 km/h – 40 km/h = 52 km/h

DATA ANALYSIS

fv²

v²

fv

%

Frequency

Cumulative

Frequency

% of

Frequency, f

v

Mean Speed,

Group

Speed

Table 2.0: Frequency Distribution Table for Set of Speed Data

35-39.9

37.45

0

0

0

0

1402.50

0

40-44.9

42.45

1

1

1

42.45

1802.00

1802.00

45-49.9

47.45

1

1

2

47.45

2251.50

2251.50

50-54.9

52.45

9

9

11

472.05

2751.00

24759.00

55-59.9

57.45

5

5

15

287.25

3300.50

16502.50

60-64.9

62.45

13

13

29

811.85

3900.00

50700.00

65-69.9

67.45

17

17

46

1146.6

4549.50

77341.50

5449.00

141674.00

5998.50

101974.50

5 70-74.9

72.45

26

26

72

1883.7 0

75-79.9

77.45

17

17

89

1316.6 5

Page 7 of 14

80-84.9

82.45

4

4

93

329.80

6798.00

27192.00

85-89.9

87.45

5

5

98

437.25

7947.50

39737.50

90-94.5

92.45

2

2

100

184.90

8547.00

17094.00

95-99.9

97.45

0

0

100

0

9496.50

0

100

6960.0

501,028.5

0

Table 3.0 Information Obtained using Radar Gun Method Mode

Median

Mean

Standard Deviation

(km/hr)

(km/hr)

(km/hr)

(km/hr)

1.289

78.42

69.6

12.89

Method Using Radar Gun

Calculation Total frequency, n

= 100

Lower bound of med. group, L

= 65

Cum. no of frequency to the lower

= 29

bound of med. group, fL No. of frequency in the med. group, fm

= 17

Speed interval of the group, C

= 4.9 km/h

a) Arithmetic Mean

= Σ(fi*vi)/n

speed = 6960/100 = 69.6 km/h

b) Modal speed

= The most frequently occurring speed value in the

Page 8 of 14

distribution = 70-74.9

c) Median speed =

=

= 71.05 km/h

d) Standard deviation

= √ (Σfi vi 2/ Σfi - (Σfi*vi/ Σfi)2 = √ (501028.5/100 -(6960.00/100)2) = 12.89 km/h

e) Standard error

= SD /√n = 12.89 / √100 = 1.289

Page 9 of 14

Graphical Analysis a) Frequency Histogram

b) Frequency Distribution Curve

c) Cumulative Frequency Distribution Curve

Page 10 of 14

From cumulative frequency distribution graph, Spot speed at,

P98 = 98th percentile: 87.50 km/h P85 = 85th percentile: 76.00 km/h P15 = 15th percentile: 57.50 km/h

Hence,

Design speed

= 90 km/h

(P98)

Speed limit

= 80 km/h

(P85)

Disturbance speed

= 60 km/h

(P15)

Spot speed studies is a study of speed of traffic at a point or traffic way at a spot. The study is to determine speed limits that can be enforced for the road to enhance safety by reducing the risks created by the users selecting the speed by own to drive. Road speed limits are used to set the maximum speed at which vehicle may DISCUSSION

legally drive on class and type of road where it may be variable, and in some places, it is unlimited. However, it was influenced by a few factors such as drivers, type of vehicles, weather, period, and road. Additionally, it is to estimate the distribution of traffic flow at selected locations under conditions that occur during the study period. Hence, this experiment was conducted to analyse the pattern speed of vehicles by systematic continuous speed studies using radar gun and analyse speed as factor to

Page 11 of 14

accidents and its parameter taken to prevent it from happening. Meanwhile, this experiment was conducted at straight and level road which identified as urban road. The total frequency of the vehicles are 100 units with average speed of 69.6km/hr. The average speed was calculated using numerical analysis where arithmetic mean speed, which is the mean of all observed vehicle speeds was calculated. Based on the result, the mode speed of this road is 70-74.9km/hr while by referring to the cumulative frequency curve graph, at P85, the speed limit obtained is 87.5km/hr. From these results, it can be analysed that most of the users of this road, drives within the speed limit. However, there were some users drive exceed the speed limit obtained which the highest speed recorded based on the result is 92km/hr while the speed limit is 80km/hr. In addition, users do not only drive exceed the speed limit, but the road is designed for speed at 90km/hr only. This is shown in analysis, where the speed limit is at P98 while the design speed is at P85. Therefore, this type of user behaviour, is one of the factors that lead to crashes or accidents on the road. It is stated in Malaysian Federal Road Systems (JKR), Guidelines for the Selection of Speed Limit, even though speed is not the main factor for crashes on the road, but the crash probability will increase when driving above the average speed which is even high when driving above the speed limit. These irresponsible users not only cause danger to themselves, but to innocent people that follow the rules on the road. However, there are other factors that also may cause crashes on the road such as bad weather which is heavy raining that can reduce the user vision and poor maintenance of road such as having potholes. Through observation from the video, the road has 2 no. of lanes to avoid congestion. As mentioned earlier, it was urban road which can be analysed as a common road or everyday use road. On the other hand, it can be congested during peak hour. Therefore, to avoid this type of problem, some solution can be taken such increase the no. of lanes or implement traffic light at the junction to reduce time consume and ...