Lab Practical - Lab PDF

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Lab Practical: Lab 1: Pipetting and Microscopy  All About examining the cell and its structures through a microscope - Prokaryotes:  Bacteria and cyanobacteria  Nucleoid NO nucleus  NO chloroplasts  Bacteria is SMALLER than cyanobacteria  NO microtubules  NO Golgi  Single DNA circle - Eukaryotes:  Nucleus  Chloroplasts  Mitochondria  Plant and Animal cells and Protists  DNA protein complex - Label diagrams!!! Lab 2: Macromolecules - Positive Control: Contains the variable you’re testing for - Negative Control: Does not contain the variable you’re testing for - Benedict’s Test  Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides  Green solution= small amount  Reddish-orange solution= abundance  Remains blue= not present - Iodine Test  Starch  Blueish-black= positive test  Yellowish-brown= negative test - Bradford Reagent  Proteins  Dark Blue= positive test - Sudan IV Test  Lipids  Darker the solution= more positive test - Dische diphenylamine  DNA  Almost black solution= positive test Lab 3: Chromatography - Gel Electrophoresis  Negative charges move towards the positive end of the gel while positive charges move towards the negative end of the gel.

Lab 4: Spectrophotometry - Know how to use spectrophotometer to measure absorbance - Use graph to get y= mx+b equation - Plug in absorbance for y and solve for x - A reading of 0 is off the charts high Lab 5: Diffusion and Osmosis - Diffusion: passive directional movement of molecules - Membrane permeability is dependent on solute size and charge.  Small, uncharged molecules diffuse easiest. - Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane  High conc to low conc  Plasmolyze= swell because water is flowing into the cell rapidly Lab 6: Membranes - Hydrophilic: water-loving - Hydrophobic: Water-fearing - Amphipathic: parts of both - Membranes are sensitive to extreme temperatures  Extreme cold causes membranes to be punctured because the fluid freezes and expands.  Heat destroys the membrane more  Partial charges in organic liquids damage the membrane the most (Acetone) Lab 7: Enzymes - Enzymes are sensitive to heat because proteins are sensitive to heat due to H-bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals forces.  Contribute to secondary and tertiary structure. Lab 8: Respiration - Electron Transport Chain - Aerobic Respiration uses oxygen - CO2 produced, O2 consumed - An increase in substrate= and increase in glucose extraction. Lab 9: Photosynthesis - CO2 + H2O + Light  Sugar + H2O + O2 - Rf= Distance pigment/ Distance from pigment origin to solvent front - Pigments separate based on their solubility. Lab 10: DNA and Bacterial Transformation - Temperature  Heat: denature by breaking H-bonds -> turn into single strands - pH

 denatures the DNA by breaking the H-bonds break from G and T...