LAB QUIZ 2 Review Sheet - Lecture notes 1-3 PDF

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LAB QUIZ 2 REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 3: MACROMOLECULES 

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Benedict’s solution: o Tests for carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are made of sugar  Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose  Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose  Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin o You have to heat it and any color changes that occur o Glucose, galactose, fructose – should be positive o Water is control –won’t change Lugol’s Solution: o Tests for starch o Starch should be positive o Water is control Biuret Solution: o Tests for proteins  Proteins are chains of amino acids  They are held together by peptide bonds

Carboxyl group

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Amine group

o Albumin should be positive o Water is control Sudan IV Solution: o Tests for lipids o Types of food that should be positive

EXERCISE 5: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF LIVING CELLS 

Cell organelles o DNA: It stores instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins in the nuclei  Replicates itself when dividing o Cytoplasm: In eukaryotic cells the cytoplasm contains organelles, such as mitochondria, that are filled with liquid kept separate from the rest of the cytoplasm by cell membranes.  is the site where most cellular activities occur – metabolic pathways o Plasma membrane:  Location: external boundary of the cell  Function: confines cell contents, regulates entry and exit of material o Ribosomes:

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 Location: attached to the membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm  Function: synthesize proteins Cell wall: (only in plant cells)  Location: covering the outer plasma membrane  Function: protection, structure, support Nucleus:  Location: center of cell  Function: storehouse for genetic information, directs cellular activities - division Nuclear membrane/envelope:  Location: encloses the nucleus  Function: made up of a double lipid bilayer. Separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Protects the cell’s genetic material from the chemical reactions that take place outside the nucleus. Mitochondrion:  Location: scattered throughout the cell  Function: control release of energy from foods, forms ATP Lysosome: (only in animal cells)  Location: scattered in cytoplasm  Function: digest ingested materials and worn-out organelles, hormones Cytoskeleton: (only in animal cells)  Location: in the cytoplasm. The microtubules, intermediate, and microfilaments make up the cytoskeleton.  Function: helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell, assists in formation of vacuoles. Smooth ER:  Location: cytoplasm  Function: site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism Rough ER:  Location: in the cytoplasm  Function: transports proteins made in ribosomes to other sites in the cell – synthesizes membrane lipids Golgi apparatus:  Location: near the nucleus (in the cytoplasm)  Function: packages proteins to be incorporated into the plasma membrane or lysosome’s or exported from the cell Centrioles: (only in animal cells)  Location: two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus  Function: direct formation of the mitotic spindle, 9 groups of microtubules. Employs materials to form centrosomes and cilia, the projections of the cells that are responsible for the body’s movement and sensory functions. Central vacuole: (only in plant cells)  Location: middle of the cytoplasm, big circle  Function: stores water and maintains turgor pressure in a plant cell. Allows the plant cells to take in more light energy for making food through photosynthesis. Chloroplasts: (only in plant cells)  Location: round, disk-shaped body

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Function: site of photosynthesis – the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy, which results in production of oxygen

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic o Prokaryotic: bacteria, archaea, o Eukaryotic: fungi, animalia, plantar, Protista Different shapes of bacteria o Coccus: spherical circle bacteria. Ex. streptococcus o Bacillus: rod-shaped bacteria. Ex. B. anthracis o Spirillum: spiral-shaped bacteria. Ex. S. minus

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What causes cytoplasmic streaming o Cytoplasmic streaming: intracellular motion  the cold slows down cytoplasmic streaming o Microfilaments – are believed to be responsible for cytoplasmic streaming...