Lab report blood - Task Work PDF

Preview

Summary

Task assignment for the A & P 2 class. This is one of the modules....

Description

Laboratory Report

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Name: Instructor: Date:

Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration and Blood Typing a C405 05.19.2021

Predictions 1. When exercising subjects move from low to high altitude, Hct will increase 2. When exercising subjects move from low to high altitude, Hb will increase

3. Agglutination will occur when type AB blood is mixed with anti-A serum

Materials and Methods Effect of Altitude on Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration 1. Dependent Variable Hct and Hb

2. Independent Variable altitude

3. Controlled Variables gender, age

ABO and Rh Typing in Family Members 4. Dependent Variable presence or absence of agglutination

5. Independent Variable type of antigen on RBCs

6. Controlled Variables no controlled variables

4. When exercising subjects move from low to high altitude, Hct will: Increase

5. When exercising subjects move from low to high altitude, Hb will: Increase 6. Agglutination will occur: When anti-A serum is mixed with AB blood.

Results Table 3. Effect of Altitude on Hct and Hb

Laboratory Report/ Samantha Fowler/ Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration and Blood Typing/ C405/ 05.19.2021/ Page [1] of [4]

Laboratory Report

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Average

Low Altitude Hematocrit (%) Length of Length of Packed RBC Whole Blood Column (mm) Column (mm) 50 21 42 49 22 45 50 21 42 50 21 43

Hb (g/100 ml blood) 14.4 14.4 14.2 14.3

High Altitude Hematocrit (%) Length of Packed RBC Column (mm) 23 48 24 50 22 45 23 48

Length of Whole Blood Column (mm) 48 48 49 48

Hb (g/100 ml blood) 17.3 17.3 17 17.2

Changes in Blood Hematocrit After 2 Month Acclimatization to High Altitude % Low altitude

100 80

High altitude

1. Hematocrit

60 40 20 0 1

Changes in Blood Hemoglobin After 2 Month Acclimatization to High Altitude g/100 ml Low altitude 20

High altitude

1. Hb

16 8 4 0 1

1. What are the average hematocrit values (%) at low altitude and then after the subject trained at high altitude for 2 months? low altitude - 42% high altitude - 48% 2. Did average hematocrit increase, decrease, or not change after training at high altitude for 2 months? Increase 3. What are the average hemoglobin values (g/100 ml) at low altitude and then after the subject trained at high altitude for 2 months? Low altitude - 14.3 (g/100 ml) High altitude - 17.2 (g/100 ml)

Table 4. Presence or Absence of Agglutination Anti-A Sera Anti-B Sera Anti-Rh Sera Blood Type

Mother 1 Agglut Agglut No AB-

Father 1 No No Agglut O+

Child 1 Agglut No Agglut A+

Mother 2 No No Agglut O+

Father 2 No Agglut No B-

Child 2 No Agglut Agglut B+

Mother 3 Agglut No No A-

Father 3 No No No O-

1. What is the blood type of the mother, father, and child in Family 1? Mother AB-, Father O+, Child A+ 2. What is the blood type of the mother, father, and child in Family 2? Mother O+, Father B-, Child B+

3. What is the blood type of the mother, father, and child in Family 3?

Laboratory Report/ Samantha Fowler/ Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration and Blood Typing/ C405/ 05.19.2021/ Page [2] of [4]

Child 3 Agglut No No A-

Laboratory Report

Mother A-, Father O-, Child A-

Discussion 1. Do you think erythropoietin levels in athletes at low altitude are lower, higher, or the same after training at a high altitude for 2 months? Explain your answer. Higher. Higher altitudes stimulate more RBC's to be produced to combat chronic hypoxia that can happen at higher altitudes. 2. Calculate the average ml of oxygen molecules in 100 ml blood in the athletes at low altitude and then in athletes in high altitude while training at high altitude. Use the following information: 1.39 ml of oxygen per gram of hemoglobin. 553.71 ml 3. Do athletes training at high altitudes have more or less oxygen molecules per ml of blood then athletes training at low altitudes? Explain why this difference gives athletes who train at high altitudes an advantage over athletes who train only at low altitudes. They would have more oxygen molecules per ml of blood. There is less oxygen available at higher altitudes so the body will make more red blood cells on its own to compensate. This allows the body to maintain the capacity of oxygen it can carry in the blood. When athletes train in high altitudes the amount of oxygen that is able to be moved to the muscles is increased due to the increase in red blood cells. When they return to a lower altitude, their muscles are still benefiting from this. 4. In family 1, can the mother or father donate blood to their child? Explain your answer. The father can donate to the child. The child is A+. A+ blood types can receive A+, A-, O+, and O-. The father is O+ and the mother is AB-. The mother is not a match.

5. In family 2, can the mother or father donate blood to their child? Explain your answer. The mother and father can donate to the child. The child is B+. B+ can receive B+, B-, O+, and O-. The mother is O+ and the father is B-. Both are a match. 6. In family 3, can the mother or father donate blood to their child? Explain your answer. Both parents can donate to the child. The child is A-. A- can receive A- and O-. The mother is A- and the father is O-. Both of them are a match.

7. What would happen if someone did not receive a compatible blood type during a blood transfusion? (Hint: Reaction between antigens and antibodies when blood typing.) There would be a hemolytic transfusion reaction. The bodies immune system would begin to attack the newly transfused blood. When antigens and antibodies react it is called agglutination. This is when the two blood types stick together to form clots. If transfused blood begins to react and cause agglutination, this is life threatening to the patient.

Conclusions 8. In one or 2 sentences, state how hematocrit and hemoglobin levels change with altitude. With higher altitude, hemoglobin levels increase. Lower oxygen levels in higher altitude also causes an increase in hematocrit levels. 9. In one or 2 sentences, state why it is important to match blood type when giving blood transfusion. It is important to match blood type before a blood transfusions to avoid a hemolytic reaction from agglutination. This will result in clotting with the patient and is life threatening.

Application 1. Blood doping (using injected substances to artificially enhance performance) is illegal in many sports. Two substances used are erythropoietin and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). One of the actions of HIF is to increase formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Explain how administering erythropoietin can increase performance and how HIF can increase performance through angiogenesis. Administering erythropoietin causes new RBC's to be produced. This will allow the body to increase the amount of oxygen it can take in to transport around the body. HIF can lower the amount of training that is required to improve the supply of blood to the muscles. This can takes many months of training but can take days with the use of HIF. 2. Myoglobin levels are higher in Tibetans and other ethnic groups that live at high altitudes. Explain the benefit of higher myoglobin levels for individuals living at high altitudes. If there is a higher level of myoglobin in the blood, the person will be able to hold and carry a larger storage of oxygen in their muscles than a person that is at a lower altitude. Since there are less oxygen molecules at higher altitudes, this is a great benefit to people living at higher altitudes.

Laboratory Report/ Samantha Fowler/ Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration and Blood Typing/ C405/ 05.19.2021/ Page [3] of [4]

Laboratory Report

3. An Rh- mother is given Rh immune globulin during her pregnancy. Rh immune globulin prevents formation of antibodies to Rh antigens. Explain why this is done. This is done in order to prevent the mothers immune systems from viewing the babies Rh+ blood as an intruder and creating antibodies against it.

Laboratory Report/ Samantha Fowler/ Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration and Blood Typing/ C405/ 05.19.2021/ Page [4] of [4]...